There are hundreds of different citation styles, but there are seven that American students should know (or at least know of):
Below is a quick reference index of how MLA, APA, CMOS, and AMA/NLM cite sources, both in-text and in their reference lists. ASA is so similar to APA style that it will only be included when there is a notable difference between it and APA. AP is not included at all because they exclusively use embedded citations instead of reference lists.
- Modern Language Association (MLA), used for the humanities
- American Psychological Association (APA), used for the social sciences
- National Library of Medicine/American Medical Association (NLM/APA), used for biology health sciences
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), used for natural sciences and engineering
- Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), used for nonacademic publication
- Associated Press (AP), used for journalism
- Harvard style, used internationally
Below is a quick reference index of how MLA, APA, CMOS, and AMA/NLM cite sources, both in-text and in their reference lists. ASA is so similar to APA style that it will only be included when there is a notable difference between it and APA. AP is not included at all because they exclusively use embedded citations instead of reference lists.
AUTHORSHIP
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SINGLE AUTHOR
MLA & CMOS: surname, first. APA: surname, initials. (periods, no space) NLM: surname initials. (no punctuation) IEEE: initials surname, (periods, no space) |
Miller, Brian Craig. Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South. U of Georgia P, 2015. |
Miller, B.C. (2015). Empty sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War south. University of Georgia Press, 2015. |
Miller BC. Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South. University of Georgia Press; 2015. |
B.C. Miller, Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South. Athens/Macon, GA, USA: University of Georgia Press, 2015. |
Miller, Brian Craig. Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015. |
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TWO AUTHORS
MLA & CMOS: comma + "and" after 1st name, 2nd is given name first APA: comma + "&" after 1st name, 2nd is just like prior NLM: comma after 1st name, no and/&, 2nd is just like prior IEEE: no comma + "and" after 1st name, 2nd is just like prior |
Shusterman, Neal, and Jarrod Shusterman. Dry. Simon & Schuster, 2018. |
Shusterman, N., & Shusterman, J. (2018). Dry. Simon & Schuster. |
Shusterman N, Shusterman J. Dry. Simon & Schuster; 2018. |
N. Shusterman and J. Shusterman, Dry. New York, NY, USA: Simon & Schuster, 2018. |
Shusterman, Neal, and Jarrod Shusterman. Dry. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018. |
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THREE-PLUS AUTHORS
MLA: comma + "et al." after 1st name APA: list up to 20 names NLM: comma + "et al." after 3rd name if 6+ names IEEE: comma + "et al." after 1st name if 6+ names CMOS: comma + "et al." after 7th name if 10+ names |
Bruder, Melissa, et al. A Practical Handbook for the Actor. Vintage, 1986. |
Bruder, M., Cohn, L.M., Olnek, M., Pollack, N., Previto, R., & Zigler, S. (1986). A practical handbook for the actor. Vintage. |
Bruder M, Cohn LM, Olnek M, Pollack N, Previto R, Zigler S. A Practical Handbook for the Actor. Vintage; 1986. |
M. Bruder, L.M. Cohn, M. Olnek, N. Pollack, R. Previto, and S. Zigler, A Practical Handbook for the Actor. New York, NY, USA: Vintage, 1986 |
Bruder, Melissa, Lee Michael Cohn, Madeleine Olnek, Nathaniel Pollack, Robert Previto, and Scott Zigler. A Practical Handbook for the Actor. New York: Vintage, 1986. |
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NO AUTHOR
For every type of citation, skip the author spot and start with the title. |
Diary of an Oxygen Thief. NLVI, 2006. |
Diary of an Oxygen Thief. (2006). NLVI Publishers. |
Diary of an Oxygen Thief. NLVI Publishers; 2006. |
Diary of an Oxygen Thief. Amsterdam, NLD: NLVI Publishers, 2006. |
Diary of an Oxygen Thief. Amsterdam: NLVI Publishers, 2006. |
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ONE AUTHOR, TWO NAMES
MLA: well-known name 1st then "published as" + pseudonym in brackets APA: only use published name NLM: pseudonym 1st, then comma, then "pseudonym for" + well-known name IEEE: well-known name 1st then pseudonym in parentheses CMOS: pseudonym 1st then well-known in brackets |
Roberts, Nora [published as J. D. Robb]. Naked in Death. Berkeley, 1995. |
Robb, J.D. (1995). Naked in death. Berkeley. |
Robb JD, pseudonym for Roberts N. Naked in Death. Berkeley; 1995. |
N. Roberts (J.D. Robb), Naked in Death. New York, NY, USA: Berkeley, 1995. |
Robb, J. D. [Nora Roberts]. Naked in Death. New York: Berkeley, 1995. |
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ONE AUTHOR, TWO NAMES
MLA: well-known name first then "published as" + pseudonym in brackets APA: only use published name NLM: pseudonym first, then comma, then "pseudonym for" + name IEEE: well-known name first then pseudonym in parentheses CMOS: pseudonym first then well-known in brackets |
Roberts, Nora [published as J. D. Robb]. Naked in Death. Berkeley, 1995. |
Robb, J.D. (1995). Naked in death. Berkeley. |
Robb JD, pseudonym for Roberts N. Naked in Death. Berkeley; 1995. |
N. Roberts (J.D. Robb), Naked in Death. New York, NY, USA: Berkeley, 1995. |
Robb, J. D. [Nora Roberts]. Naked in Death. New York: Berkeley, 1995. |
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Some authors may use a non-traditional name where they have no given name or surname: examples include 2Chainz, Madonna, Queen Latifa, King Charles III, and St. Francis of Assisi. For such names, list their selected name followed by a period without any inversion and make sure the first letter of their name is capitalized.
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P!nk. "Glitter in the Air." Funhouse, LaFace/Jive, 2008. |
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Similarly, if a social media post or other internet media is posted by an author who is better known by their screen name, then their screen name should be treated as a secondary name: enclosed in brackets after the author's name but before the period.
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Johnson, Kylie [@HauntedHippieHorror]. "On the outside looking in... 2 more days until the release of Somnum." Instagram, 4 July 2022, 7:53 p.m. MST, instagram.com/p/CfnOOgsFVs9. |
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Some authors are not individuals but a group—these are called corporate authors. Corporate authors include musical acts like The Beatles and organizations like The Modern Language Association. When citing these authors, treat them like a non-traditional name but leave off any articles (a, an, the) that start their name.
*There is one exception to this: if the corporate author is the same as the publisher, leave the author spot completely empty: "Chapter Five: The List of Works Cited." MLA Handbook. 9th ed., Modern Language Association, 2021. |
Black Keys. "Lonely Boy." El Camino, Nonesuch Records, 2011. |
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If the government is the author, list the government agency that produced the document as the author (Center for Disease Control, US Dept. of Labor). If there is no clear agency responsible, like in the case of a Congressional bill or Supreme Court decision, list the body politic involved followed by a comma, then the branch of government followed by a comma, then the house of that branch if applicable followed by a period.
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Colorado, General Assembly, State Senate. Repeal the Death Penalty. Colorado General Assembly, leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb20-100. 72nd General Assembly, 2nd Session, Senate Bill 20-100, passed 23 March 2020. |
If the title is longer than ten words, it can be truncated with an ellipsis mark followed by a period (i.e., four dots with spaces between them).
If the source has both a title and a subtitle, the subtitle should come directly after the title but separated from it by a colon. The subtitle should follow the same Up Style conventions and formatting of the main title, which includes always capitalizing the first word of the subtitle.*
*This is similar but not the same as a text with an alternate title—for these texts, write the first title followed by a semicolon, add the word "or" followed by a comma, then add the alternative title.
*This is similar but not the same as a text with an alternate title—for these texts, write the first title followed by a semicolon, add the word "or" followed by a comma, then add the alternative title.
The title of a source that's considered a smaller part of a larger whole (e.g., article, short story, poem, song, episode, web page) is written in Up Style and enclosed in quotation marks followed by a period. The title of the larger whole is not part of the title section but is moved to the container section as the container name.
Similarly, some anthologies contain several whole texts like government documents, plays, or novellas. For these works, both the title of the text and its container are italicized.
While some sources have smaller parts of the work that can be individually cited (e.g., songs on an album or a poem in an anthology), they can also have sections that are not part of the larger work but supplement it. These include introductions, forewords, afterwords, prefaces, acknowledgements, appendices, and indexes. Unlike parts of the source text, supplements are not quoted, though the rest of the citation looks the same.
Occasionally, the supplemental text has a different author than the text. In this case, the author of the supplement is placed into the author space, and the title space contains the name of the supplement, the title of the primary text, and the author of the primary text.
If the title is written in a foreign language but the researcher wants to include an English translation for the purpose of clarity, they may include the English translation of the title in brackets before the period.
If the source is a work of published writing or a derivative of published writing with no title (e.g., older poem, social media post, generative AI prompt), use the first line/sentence of the text as the title with the title in quotation marks followed by a period. Do not put this makeshift title in Up Style—keeping it in Down Style (i.e., sentence case) indicates that it is not a title given to the work by its author.
If the source is an originally unpublished writing or media without a title (e.g., email, letter, interview), describe what the source is. Note the words originally unpublished: even if the writing is published in a work later, give it a description like these entries instead of quoting the first line.
If the source is not writing or media and has no title (i.e., artifacts), describe what the source is in ten or fewer words.
CONTAINER: WHERE THE SOURCE CAN BE FOUND
In MLA style, the final and most complex part of a source citation is a description of its container, or the physical media, online site, broadcast channel, or geographic location where the source can be found. There are seven different attributes to a container that may need to be cited, and cited in this order separated by commas: the container name, secondary contributors, version, number, publisher, date, and location.
AUTHOR. TITLE. CONTAINER, CONTRIBUTERS, VERSION, NUMBER, PUBLISHER, DATE, LOCATION.
The easiest way to think about containers is to separate them into the four different types of sources one can have: physical print media (e.g., books, play scripts, pamphlets); audiovisual media (e.g., film, television, music); experiential exhibition (e.g., artwork, live performance, artifacts); and native digital media (e.g., websites, software, social media).
HOLD AND READ CONTAINERS: Physical Print Media
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Self-contained physical books and plays are the easiest containers to cite, as they only require PUBLISHER and DATE (i.e., the year of publication). Make sure the name of the publisher is exactly how it appears in the source, and note that they tend to not use Oxford commas (e.g., Little, Brown and Company).
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Barry, Max. Jennifer Government. Doubleday, 2003. |
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There's an exception to this rule: in the publisher name, always replace University with U and Press with P. & for "and" and the abbreviations Co. and Inc. can also be used only if they are in the original publisher name.
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Miller, Brian Craig. Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South. U of Georgia P, 2015. |
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Every physical text needs a PUBLISHER name except self-published physical books and plays. Since MLA citations should not contain redundant information, the author's name is not repeated, and instead NO PUBLISHER is listed, but DATE still is. As the citation is shorter than usual, do not truncate overly long title names.
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Houghton, Lily. Of the Woman Came the Beginning of Sin and Through Her We All Die. 2019. |
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Many self-contained books and plays, especially those that are older, are not first editions but new editions of an older text, and thus they will have two different publishing dates: an original publishing year and the year of the reprint's publication. This source requires citing the original container (typically just the original publication year) and then the details of the new reprint container.
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Steinbeck, John. Cannery Row. 1945. Deckle Edge, 2002. |
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If the new edition has a specific name, include that in the VERSION spot of the container. Make sure to use the abbreviation ed. for the word "edition" and the abbreviation rev. for "revised."
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Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. 1953. Rev. 60th anniversary ed., Simon & Schuster, 2013. |
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Different media formats of the text (e.g., ebook, audiobook, large print version, deluxe edition) also use the VERSION spot of the container for this information. For ebooks and audiobooks, this usually includes the name of the company that provides access to the text. NB: the publisher of an ebook or audiobook is usually different from the publisher of the print version.
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Barry, Max. Jennifer Government. Kindle ed., Vintage, 2004. |
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Containers also list SECONDARY CONTRIBUTORS to the text who are not authors. For physical print media, this includes editors, translators, and illustrators, all of which must be listed in the citation. Never abbreviate the type of contribution (e.g., trans. for translated). These names are all listed by given name before surname, and like authors, more than three of the same type of contributor are truncated using et al.
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Backman, Fredrik. Beartown. Translated by Neil Smith, Atria, 2018. |
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If a secondary contributor makes more than one type of contribution, list both contributions together to avoid redundancies.
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Neruda, Pablo. The Poetry of Pablo Neruda. Edited and translated by Ilan Stavans, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005. |
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When listing contributors for reprinted texts, take care to place the contributor in the right container, i.e., did they contribute to the original version of the text and have their work reprinted, or did they just contribute to the newest version?
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García Márquez, Gabriel. One Hundred Years of Solitude. Translated by Gregory Rabasa, 1970. Harper Perennial, 2006. |
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Also, the illustrators of children's picture books, comics, and graphic novels are always considered authors, not contributors.
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García Márquez, Gabriel. One Hundred Years of Solitude. Translated by Gregory Rabasa, 1970. Harper Perennial, 2006. |
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If a book is part of a series or a play is part of a cycle, the name of the series (without quotes or italics) should be listed in the NUMBER spot along with which number in the series it is. Always abbreviate the word "number" as no.
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Martin, George R. R. A Storm of Swords. A Song of Ice and Fire no. 3, HarperCollins, 2000. |
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The NUMBER section will also be used when a single source is divided up into several volumes. Always use the abbreviation vol. for the word "volume."
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Irving, Washington. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." 1820. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, edited by Robert Levine et al., 9th ed., vol. B: 1820-1865, W. W. Norton, 2017, pp. 41-60. |
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Similarly, when not using an entire print text as a source but just a selection of the larger text (like a chapter, article, or a single poem or short story in an anthology), the name of the selection goes into the title section and the title of the full text is moved to the CONTAINER NAME section. Additionally, the range of pages on which the selection appears is placed in the LOCATION section; abbreviate "page" as p. and "pages" as pp.
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Miller, Brian Craig. "The Women: Reconstructing Confederate Manhood." Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South, U of Georgia P, 2015, pp. 91-155. |
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Like anthologies, print periodicals are rarely cited as a whole but as selections. When citing a selection from a periodical (e.g., newspaper, magazine, academic journal, etc.), the periodical editor is not included, but the VOLUME, NUMBER, and page numbers are in addition to an expanded DATE—dates are either day month year (10 November 1987), month year (November 1987), or season year (Fall 1987).
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Dobson, David. "Geophysics: Earth's Core Problem." Nature, vol. 534, no. 7605, 2 June 2016, pp. 95 & 99. |
PAUSE AND PLAY CONTAINERS: Audiovisual Media
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Like anthologies, print periodicals are rarely cited as a whole but as selections. When citing a selection from a periodical (e.g., newspaper, magazine, academic journal, etc.), the periodical editor is not included, but the VOLUME, NUMBER, and page numbers are in addition to an expanded DATE—dates are either day month year (10 November 1987), month year (November 1987), or season year (Fall 1987).
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Dobson, David. "Geophysics: Earth's Core Problem." Nature, vol. 534, no. 7605, 2 June 2016, pp. 95 & 99. |
GO AND SEE CONTAINERS: Experiential Exhibition
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Like anthologies, print periodicals are rarely cited as a whole but as selections. When citing a selection from a periodical (e.g., newspaper, magazine, academic journal, etc.), the periodical editor is not included, but the VOLUME, NUMBER, and page numbers are in addition to an expanded DATE—dates are either day month year (10 November 1987), month year (November 1987), or season year (Fall 1987).
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Dobson, David. "Geophysics: Earth's Core Problem." Nature, vol. 534, no. 7605, 2 June 2016, pp. 95 & 99. |
CLICK AND DOWNLOAD CONTAINERS: Native Digital Media
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Like anthologies, print periodicals are rarely cited as a whole but as selections. When citing a selection from a periodical (e.g., newspaper, magazine, academic journal, etc.), the periodical editor is not included, but the VOLUME, NUMBER, and page numbers are in addition to an expanded DATE—dates are either day month year (10 November 1987), month year (November 1987), or season year (Fall 1987).
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Dobson, David. "Geophysics: Earth's Core Problem." Nature, vol. 534, no. 7605, 2 June 2016, pp. 95 & 99. |
1. Container Name
If the text is part of a whole, that whole is the container. These containers include anthologies of collected writings, websites, apps, periodicals, albums, and series names. Italicize and capitalize the title of the container using the same guidelines in the title section but place a comma (not a period) after the last word:
Aristophanes. Lysistrata. 411 BCE. The Works of Aristophanes, edited by Lawrence T. Whitmore, U Publishing, 1988, pp. 194--247.
Dickenson, Emily. "There's a certain Slant of light." 1861. Poetry Foundation, accessed 20 February 2024, poetryfoundation.org/poems/45723.
Dickman, Kyle. "On Fire." Popular Science, November 2015, pp. 42--47.
Grateful Dead. "Ripple." American Beauty, Warner, 1969.
Johnson, Kylie Roseanne [@HauntedHippieHorror]. "On the outside looking in... 2 more days until the release of Somnum." Instagram, 4 July 2022, 7:53 p.m. MDT, instagram.com/p/CfnOOgsFVs9.
Masters, Edgar Lee. "Fiddler Jones." Spoon River Anthology. 1915. Simon and Schuster, 2004, p. 61.
Aristophanes. Lysistrata. 411 BCE. The Works of Aristophanes, edited by Lawrence T. Whitmore, U Publishing, 1988, pp. 194--247.
Dickenson, Emily. "There's a certain Slant of light." 1861. Poetry Foundation, accessed 20 February 2024, poetryfoundation.org/poems/45723.
Dickman, Kyle. "On Fire." Popular Science, November 2015, pp. 42--47.
Grateful Dead. "Ripple." American Beauty, Warner, 1969.
Johnson, Kylie Roseanne [@HauntedHippieHorror]. "On the outside looking in... 2 more days until the release of Somnum." Instagram, 4 July 2022, 7:53 p.m. MDT, instagram.com/p/CfnOOgsFVs9.
Masters, Edgar Lee. "Fiddler Jones." Spoon River Anthology. 1915. Simon and Schuster, 2004, p. 61.
2. Contributors
Contributors are people besides the author who had a notable contribution to the work. Contributors include editors, translators, illustrators, adapters, directors, narrators, featured performers, and series creators. Contributions are credited with the name of the type of contribution fully spelled out followed by the word by, the contributors name (not inverted), and a comma:
Alighieri, Dante. Inferno. 1322. Translated by Michael Palma, Norton, 2002.
Aristophanes. Lysistrata. 411 BCE. The Works of Aristophanes, edited by Lawrence T. Whitmore, U Publishing, 1988, pp. 194--247.
"The Great Gatsby." Thug Notes, narrated by Greg Edwards [Sparky Sweets]. YouTube, uploaded by Wisecrack, 11 June 2013, youtu.be/2VEQRPm_HyA.
"Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie." The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992.
Santana. "Smooth." Supernatural, featuring Rob Thomas, Arista, 1999.
Some Like It Hot. Directed by Billy Wilder, featuring Tony Curtis and Marilyn Monroe, MGM, 1959.
Weinersmith, Zach. Augie and the Green Knight. Illustrated by Boulet, Bredpig, 2015.
Alighieri, Dante. Inferno. 1322. Translated by Michael Palma, Norton, 2002.
Aristophanes. Lysistrata. 411 BCE. The Works of Aristophanes, edited by Lawrence T. Whitmore, U Publishing, 1988, pp. 194--247.
"The Great Gatsby." Thug Notes, narrated by Greg Edwards [Sparky Sweets]. YouTube, uploaded by Wisecrack, 11 June 2013, youtu.be/2VEQRPm_HyA.
"Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie." The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992.
Santana. "Smooth." Supernatural, featuring Rob Thomas, Arista, 1999.
Some Like It Hot. Directed by Billy Wilder, featuring Tony Curtis and Marilyn Monroe, MGM, 1959.
Weinersmith, Zach. Augie and the Green Knight. Illustrated by Boulet, Bredpig, 2015.
When citing comics and graphic novels, keep in mind that the pencilers (main artists) are considered authors and not contributors:
Moon, Fabio and Gabriel Ba. Daytripper. 2010. Vertigo, 2014.
Moon, Fabio and Gabriel Ba. Daytripper. 2010. Vertigo, 2014.
Treat multiple people contributing to a work in the same way as multiple authors except do not invert any names:
Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. 1623. Edited by Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstein, Folger Shakespeare Library, 2014.
Irving, Washington. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." The Norton Anthology of American Literature, edited by Robert Levine et al., 9th ed., vol. B: 1820-1865, W.W. Norton, 2017, pp. 41--60.
Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. 1623. Edited by Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstein, Folger Shakespeare Library, 2014.
Irving, Washington. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." The Norton Anthology of American Literature, edited by Robert Levine et al., 9th ed., vol. B: 1820-1865, W.W. Norton, 2017, pp. 41--60.
If a contributor has two different contributions, list both in the same entry with the word and:
Neruda, Pablo. The Poetry of Pablo Neruda. Edited and translated by Ilan Stavans, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
Neruda, Pablo. The Poetry of Pablo Neruda. Edited and translated by Ilan Stavans, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
If the author has an additional contribution, only list their surname in the contributor spot:
Giffen, Keith and Jeff Lemire. "Invasion!" Inferior Five, illustrated by Giffen and Michelle Delecki, vol. 2, no. 5, DC Comics, March 2021.
Giffen, Keith and Jeff Lemire. "Invasion!" Inferior Five, illustrated by Giffen and Michelle Delecki, vol. 2, no. 5, DC Comics, March 2021.
3. Version
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If there is more than on edition of a text, it will be indicated in the title or copyright page. Versions can include a newer edition of a text, a special edition of the text (like a deluxe edition album or large print text), an audio or digital edition, a revised edition of a text, or a season or volume of an ongoing series. When listing versions, always use digits (10th) instead of spellings (tenth) and use the following lowercase abbreviations with periods: ed. for edition and rev. for revised. A comma goes after the version. First editions do not need to be indicated:
Albee, Edward. Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1962. Rev. ed., Berkley, 2006. Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. 1953. 60th anniversary ed., Simon and Schuster, 2013. Capote, Truman. In Cold Blood. 1965. Kindle ed., Vintage, 2012. Haber, Jonathan. Critical Thinking. Illustrated ed., MIT Press, 2020. Insel, Paul, et al. Discovering Nutrition. 3rd ed., Jones and Bartlett, 2010. Swift, Taylor. 1989: Taylor's Version. Deluxe ed., Universal Music Group, 2023. |
4. Number
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Some larger works are broken up into a series of small text identified by an volume, series, issue, season, episode, or episode number. When listing numbers, always use Arabic digits (8) instead of spellings (eight) or Roman numerals (XIII) and use the following lowercase abbreviations with periods: vol. for volume and no. for number. Do not include the word issue when listing issue numbers, and do not list track numbers for albums. A comma goes after the number. If not part of a series, number does not need to be indicated:
Applegate, K.A. Enter the Enchanted. Everworld no. 3, Scholastic, 1999. Dobson, David. "Geophysics: Earth's Core Problem." Nature, vol. 534, no. 45, June 2016, https://doi.org/10.1038/534045a. Irving, Washington. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." The Norton Anthology of American Literature, edited by Robert Levine et al., 9th ed., vol. B: 1820-1865, W.W. Norton, 2017, pp. 41--60. "Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie." The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992. |
5. Publisher
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The publisher is the entity that produced and distributed the work. Publishers can include companies, institutions, studios, and networks. The name of the publisher is capitalized as a proper noun but never written in all caps, quoted, or italicized. Writers should drop articles from publisher names (a, an, the) as well as any business abbreviations (co., corp., inc., lmd., LLC). Any ampersands (&) in the name should be spelled as and, but numbers should retain their original style (digit or spelled). Any grammatical marks should be retained even if they result in a usage error. A comma goes after the publisher:
Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. 1953. 60th anniversary ed., Simon and Schuster, 2013. Barry, Max. Jennifer Government. Doubleday, 2003. "The Great Gatsby." Thug Notes, narrated by Greg Edwards [Sparky Sweets]. YouTube, uploaded by Wisecrack, 11 June 2013, youtu.be/2VEQRPm_HyA. Neruda, Pablo. The Poetry of Pablo Neruda. Edited and translated by Ilan Stavans, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005. van Gogh, Vincent. Starry Night. 1889, Museum of Modern Art, New York City. If the publisher contains the word university, abbreviate university with a capital U without a period. If the publisher also uses the word press, the word should be abbreviated as a capital P without a period--but ONLY if the word university is present (otherwise, Press is spelled out). UP should stand in for University Press:
Aristophanes. Lysistrata. 411 BCE. The Works of Aristophanes. Edited by Lawrence T. Whitmore. U Publishing, 1988, pp. 194--247. Haber, Jonathan. Critical Thinking. Illustrated ed., MIT Press, 2020. Miller, Brian Craig. Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South. U of Georgia P, 2015. Samuels, Maurice. Alfred Dreyfus: The Man at the Center of the Affair. Yale UP, 2024. Sometimes a source lists a publisher that is a division or imprint of a larger publisher: for example, No Country for Old Men was published in 2006 by "Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House." In these cases, only list the smaller division or imprint.
However, some sources (often music albums and films) have two or more different publishers the worked together to create the work. In this case, both publishers are listed and are separated by a space-backslash-space: Braddock, Bobby. Bobby Braddock: A Life on Nashville's Music Row. Vanderbilt UP / Country Music Foundation P, 2015. Phair, Liz. "Supernova." Whip-Smart, Matador / Atlantic Records, 1994. "Radio Killed the Video Star." Hazbin Hotel, created by Vivienne Medrano, season 1, episode 2, A24 / Amazon Studios, 2024. Spiderman: Into the Spiderverse. Starring Shameik Moore and Hailee Steinfeld, Sony Pictures / Marvel Entertainment, 2018. Twister. Screenplay by Michael Crichton and Anne-Marie Martin, Warner Bros. / Universal, 1996. If there is no publisher listed or if the source is self-published by the author themselves, don't but anything in the publisher spot. This is common when citing artwork and artifacts, live performances, and private sources:
Coon, Brandon. Email to the author. 15 May 2018. Fleming, Betty June. "Snickerdoodles." Family recipe of author. 1935? Leger, Marie-France. A Hue of Blu. 2023. Mackie, Bob. Dresses worn by The Supremes for a television performance, 1969. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland. Miller, C.K. The Phoenix Host. Roanfire no. 1, 2018. Santos, Jennifer. Interview. Conducted by the author, 4 April 2023. Simon, Neil. Rumors. Directed by Erin Allen, Skyline High Theatre, 5 November 2005, Skyline High School, Longmont, Colorado. van Gogh, Vincent. Starry Night. 1889, Museum of Modern Art, New York City. Similarly, if the name of the publisher is the same name as the container, nothing is written in the publisher spot to avoid repetition. This is common when citing periodicals and websites:
Barry, Dan. "Just One Last Swirl Around the Bowl." The New York Times, 5 April 2009, p. ST6. Dickman, Kyle. "On Fire." Popular Science, November 2015, pp. 42--47. Rugnetta, Mike. "Is Miku Hatsune A More Authentic Pop Star Than Lana Del Rey?" YouTube, uploaded by PBS Idea Channel, 28 March 2012, youtu.be/r3c8STXjQ20. Wong, David. "Six Harsh Truths That Will Make You a Better Person." Cracked, 17 December 2012, cracked.com/blog/6-harsh-truths-that-will-make-you-better-person. |
6. Date
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Books, plays, albums, films, artifacts, and similar works need to include the year they were published followed by a comma:
Barry, Max. Jennifer Government. Doubleday, 2003. Black Keys. "Lonely Boy." El Camino, Nonesuch Records, 2011. Jaws. Directed by Stephen Spielberg, Universal, 1975. van Gogh, Vincent. Starry Night. 1889, The Museum of Modern Art, New York City. The date of publication isn't always the date a work was created, especially when it comes to books that get reprinted with new editions. If the year of creation is older than the year of publication and the original date is important to the research topic, the original year of publication is added between the title spot and the container spot followed by a period:
Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. 1953. 60th anniversary ed., Simon and Schuster, 2013. Diary of an Oxygen Thief. 2006. Gallery Books, 2014. Homer. The Odyssey. Circa eighth century BCE. Translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin, 1999. If the exact year of the physical media is unknown, the writer can include a fully spelled out statement of the approximate time frame (circa) of the source or can add a year followed by a question mark and no comma:
Black lace dress with crimson accents and floral embroidery. Early twentieth century, Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence. Fleming, Betty June. "Snickerdoodles." Family recipe of author. 1935? The Folsom point. Circa 10,000 BCE, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado. Periodicals and online media need more than just a year--include either season year (spring 2024), month year (May 2024), or day month year in the European style (13 May 2024). Follow this date with a comma. If time of publication is listed, include this after the date and its comma, include a.m. or p.m. and time zone specifications, and place a comma after the time:
Barry, Dan. "Just One Last Swirl Around the Bowl." The New York Times, 5 April 2009, p. ST6. Brunden, Jenny. "Safe2Tell Numbers Hit Record High with Hundreds of Reports of Suicide, Bullying, and School Complaints." CPR News, Colorado Public Radio, 12 March 2024, 2:23 p.m. MST, cpr.org/2024/03/12/safe2tell-numbers-hit-record-high-february-2024. Dobson, David. "Geophysics: Earth's Core Problem." Nature, vol. 534, no. 45, June 2016, https://doi.org/10.1038/534045a. If an online source has no date, writers substitute the date they accessed the work and add the word accessed before the date:
"The Beatnik Generation." Voices of East Anglica, accessed 5 January 2024, voicesofeastanglia.com/2011/10/the-beatnik-generation. |
7. Location
|
Listing the location can be skipped when citing the entirety of a widely distributed source like a book, periodical, film, or album. If location is skipped, make sure that a period and not a comma is placed after the date:
Barry, Max. Jennifer Government. Doubleday, 2003. Jaws. Directed by Stephen Spielberg, Universal, 1975. For some of these texts, you may need to list the means of which you accessed the work in the location spot if the kind of medium makes a difference to what was gained from the source. For example, an album streamed on the Spotify app my have biographic information on the artist that is different from the CD booklet that came with the CD release of the album that is different still from the liner notes of the original vinyl release. If medium matters, place it after the date with a period after both the date and the medium in the location spot. Note that changing the medium does not change any of the preceding information:
Grateful Dead. "Ripple." American Beauty, Warner, 1969. Audio CD. Grateful Dead. "Ripple." American Beauty, Warner, 1969. Spotify app. Grateful Dead. "Ripple." American Beauty, Warner, 1969. Vinyl. When citing a selection or section of a book or periodical, the location within the text--the page numbers--must be cited. Use whatever numerals are used by the text, and separate page ranges with an em dash (two hyphens). Shorten the word page to p. and pages to pp. and follow the last page number with a period:
Aristophanes. Lysistrata. 411 BCE. The Works of Aristophanes. Edited by Lawrence T. Whitmore. U Publishing, 1988, pp. 194--247. Barry, Dan. "Just One Last Swirl Around the Bowl." The New York Times, 5 April 2009, p. ST6. Masters, Edgar Lee. "Fiddler Jones." Spoon River Anthology. 1915. Simon and Schuster, 2004, p. 61. Obejas, Achy. Introduction. Days of Awe, Ballantine Books, 2021, pp. ix--xi. When citing an online source, the digital location of the source--the URL--must be listed. URLs have four parts: the protocol before the double slash, the host that contains the domain, the path that directs to the specific site page, and the variant that may be attached to the end of the URL to specify display language, show query results, add SEO identifiers, and fragments that anchor to a specific section or timestamp of a page. As an example here is the URL for this article segment:
https://www.coonwriting.com/mla.html#container#locationPROTOCAL DOMAIN PATH VARIANTS
When citing a URL, leave off the protocol and variants if possible to keep the URL short. Make sure that the truncated link directs readers to the right place, and if not, leave in the variants and domains. For example, the URL above can be truncated to coonwriting.com/mla. A period should follow the URL:
Brunden, Jenny. "Safe2Tell Numbers Hit Record High with Hundreds of Reports of Suicide, Bullying, and School Complaints." CPR News, Colorado Public Radio, 12 March 2024, 2:23 p.m. MST, cpr.org/2024/03/12/safe2tell-numbers-hit-record-high-february-2024. Some academic journals do not use URLs but digital object identifiers (DOIs). If present, cite the DOI instead of the URL and indicate it with https://doi.org/ and end the DOI address with a period:
Dobson, David. "Geophysics: Earth's Core Problem." Nature, vol. 534, no. 45, June 2016, https://doi.org/10.1038/534045a. If a URL is longer than three lines, it may be truncated to just the host and basic path:
Suad. "My Favorite Graphic Novel of All Time." Review of Essex County by Jeff Lemire, Kindle ed., Amazon, 9 November 2015, amazon.com/ Essex-County-Jeff-Lemire-ebook/dp/B009DMJ9VC?ref_=ast_author_dp&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.WcYqIDVLCEvwzBEPpcOxdxsvNDWXGGKW5 hsvIc2HIl3ahHHBDcNnXxYhasHQpVIEWusfmO16gTOEJaqVNr9K42XNchiIXsAwV7CptXsinsda6p-i83F6lAEnUto885TgHV9m-KA01P2ag-q-5Z7Pdt3WK22pplVrjONJg6XHdvl3A3FGKpY6Mk0Rnh9IyTwg-jfWSCA8JpDmZxE7JIwTssDX3zcR-yE_3YT6YTG-fJY.J7ShiR9PZy4_ygT5a49 WX5INrFcyNdwKPBi-s7IKQHY&dib_tag=AUTHOR#review/R13MHCESE59VLF/ref=cm_cr_srp_d_rdp_perm?ie=UTF8&ASIN=B009DMJ9VC. Suad. "My Favorite Graphic Novel of All Time." Review of Essex County by Jeff Lemire, Kindle ed., Amazon, 9 November 2015, amazon.com/ Essex-County-Jeff-Lemire-ebook/dp/B009DMJ9VC. In addition to the location of a URL, online documents that are separated into slides can also have those locations cited after the URL with a period:
Coon, Brandon. "Intimacy Work for High School Actors." Google Slides, accessed 14 February 2024, docs.google.com/presentation/d/ 1GIez2EnV4j2q3J8RW66hIwzOKfbtf39BvcdBOA8cwbc. Slide 18. Singular physical objects like artifacts, artwork, and private collections use a geographic location consisting of a building followed by a comma then the city the building is in followed by a comma then the state or country of that city followed by a period. The building name should not be shortened with abbreviations but should not start with the. If the state or country is in the name of the building, it can be left off, but city should always be listed regardless of whether or not it is in the building name:
Black lace dress with crimson accents and floral embroidery. Early twentieth century, Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence. The Folsom point. Circa 10,000 BCE, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado. van Gogh, Vincent. Starry Night. 1889, Museum of Modern Art, New York City. Citations for live performances witnessed by the writer also need a geographic location, formatted in the same way as above (if not witnessed live, the performances are cited as online texts):
A Night of Leonard Cohen with the Colorado Symphony. Featuring Nathaniel Rateliff, 5 April 2024, Boettcher Concert Hall, Denver, Colorado. Biden, Joseph R. "State of the Union Address 2024." 7 March 2024, US Capitol Building, Washington, D.C. Simon, Neil. Rumors. Directed by Erin Allen, Skyline High Theatre, 5 November 2005, Skyline High School, Longmont, Colorado. Swift, Taylor. The Eras Tour. 14 July 2023, Empower Field at Mile High, Denver, Colorado. |
MLA Citation Glossary
Below is a quick index of how to common sources in MLA. Each source is cited in its most basic fashion, so refer to the sections above for dealing with specific cases.
General Rules:
- One author looks like this: Coon, Brandon. Two authors looks like this: Coon, Brandon, and Alexis Smith. Three or more authors looks like this: Coon, Brandon et al.
- Dates are day month year (10 November 1987) to minimize commas
- Volume is vol., number is no., edition is ed., revised is rev., UP is University Press, page is p., and pages is pp.
- Excepting the above, when in doubt, spell it out: author names, months, titles, etc.
- If the information can't be found (author, publisher, date), skip it.
ADVERTISEMENT, COMMERCIAL: Advertisement for Mudd Jeans sale at Kohl's. Aired on CW network, 1 March 2016, 8:13 p.m.
ADVERTISEMENT, COMMERCIAL WATCHED ONLINE: "Mudd Takes Coachella for #DestinationMudd." YouTube, uploaded by Mudd Jeans, 29 April 2016, youtu.be/ZNLr6nPkPoU?si=MQ-CLBC7qzji7O8h.
ADVERTISEMENT, IN PRINT: Advertisement for Mudd apparel at Kohls. Teen Vogue, December 2016, pp. 30-31.
ADVERTISEMENT, IN PRINT BUT FOUND ONLINE: "Promo Code: DressLove." Facebook, Mudd Jeans, 3 March 2016, facebook.com/Mudd/photos/pb.100064505512086.-2207520000/10154002537901052. Sponsored Post.
ADVERTISEMENT, MAIL: "Shop Black Friday at Kohl's." Mailed to the author, 19 November 2016. Catalogue.
ADVERTISEMENT, PACKAGING TEXT: Washing instructions tag on Mudd Low Rise Flare Jeans. Product no. 4H0462, circa 2000.
ADVERTISEMENT, SIGN OR BILBOARD: Advertisement on bus stop sign for "Destination: Mudd." 21 October 2016, Centerplace Shopping Center, Greeley, Colorado.
ADVERTISEMENT, STICKERS AND APPAREL: "Mudd Jeans: The Starlight Cove, 21 and over welcome, New York, NY." Text on a woman's yellow t-shirt. Mudd Jeans, viewed by author on 19 October 2016, Kohl's Department Store, Greeley, Colorado.
ARTIFACT IN MUSEUM: The Folsom point. Circa 10,000 BCE, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado.
ARTWORK IN MUSEUM: van Gogh, Vincent. Starry Night. 1889, Museum of Modern Art, New York City.
ARTWORK, MUSEUM DISPLAY TEXT: Wall text for Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh. 1889, Museum of Modern Art, New York City.
ARTWORK, ONLINE REPRODUCTION: van Gogh, Vincent. Starry Night. 1889, Museum of Modern Art, accessed 18 March 2024, moma.org/collection/works/79802.
ARTWORK THAT IS AI GENERATED: "Generate a daylight scene that looks like Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh." Deep AI, standard version, 18 March 2024, deepai.org/machine-learning-model/text2img.
ARTICLE, ACADEMIC JOURNAL: Skov, Laurits et al. "Genetic Insights into the Social Organization of Neanderthals." Nature, vol. 610, no. 7932, 20 October 2022, pp. 519–525.
ARTICLE, MAGAZINE: Dickman, Kyle. "On Fire." Popular Science, November 2015, pp. 42-47.
ARTICLE, NEWSPAPER: Barry, Dan. "Just One Last Swirl Around the Bowl." The New York Times, 5 April 2009, p. ST6.
ARTICLE, ONLINE: Brunden, Jenny. "Safe2Tell Numbers Hit Record High with Hundreds of Reports of Suicide, Bullying, and School Complaints." CPR News, Colorado Public Radio, 12 March 2024, 2:23 p.m. MST, cpr.org/2024/03/12/safe2tell-numbers-hit-record-high-february-2024.
ARTICLE, ONLINE DATABASE: Wee, Valarie. “The Scream Trilogy, Hyperpostmodernism, and the Late-Nineties Teen Slasher Film.” Journal of Film and Video, vol. 57, no. 3, 2005, pp. 44–61. JSTOR, jstor.org/stable/20688497.
ARTICLE, ONLINE WITH DOI: Skov, Laurits et al. "Genetic Insights into the Social Organization of Neanderthals." Nature, vol. 610, no. 7932, 20 October 2022, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05283-y.
AUDIO, LIVE BROADCAST: "From Anxiety to Cancer, the Evidence Against Ultra-processed Food Piles Up." Morning Edition, hosted by Steve Inskeep, report by Allison Aubrey, National Public Radio, KCFC 1490 18 March 2024, 6:31 a.m. MDT.
AUDIO, ONLINE RECORDING OF BROADCAST: Aubrey, Allison. "From Anxiety to Cancer, the Evidence Against Ultra-processed Food Piles Up." Morning Edition, hosted by Steve Inskeep, National Public Radio, 18 March 2024, 3:01 a.m. MDT, npr.org/sections/health-shots/2024/03/18/1238939706.
AUDIO, ONLINE TRANSCRIPT OF BROADCAST: "From Anxiety to Cancer, the Evidence Against Ultra-processed Food Piles Up." Morning Edition, hosted by Steve Inskeep, report by Allison Aubrey, National Public Radio, 18 March 2024, 3:01 a.m. MDT, npr.org/sections/health-shots/2024/03/18/1238939706. Transcript.
AUDIO, PODCAST EPISODE, APP: Smith, Kevin and Scott Mosier. "The Walrus and the Carpenter." Smodcast, no. 259, Smodco, 4 March 2014. Last.fm app.
AUDIO, PODCAST EPISODE, ONLINE: Smith, Kevin and Scott Mosier. "The Walrus and the Carpenter." Smodcast, no. 259, Smodco, 4 March 2014, smodcast.com/channel/smodcast?audio=259.
AUDIO, SONG: see MUSIC
BOOK: Backman, Fredrik. Anxious People. Atria Books, 2020.
BOOK, AUDIO EDITION: Backman, Fredrik. Anxious People. Narrated by Marin Ireland, audiobook ed., Simon and Schuster Audio, 2020. Audible app.
BOOK, CHAPTER: Backman, Fredrik. "Chapter 3: It's the day before New Year's Eve . . . ." Anxious People. Atria Books, 2020, pp. 5--9.
BOOK, DIGITAL EDITION: Backman, Fredrik. Anxious People. Kindle ed., Atria Books, 2020.
BOOK, EDITOR AS AUTHOR: Greer, Andrew John, editor. The Best American Short Stories 2022. Mariner Books, 2022.
BOOK, IN A SERIES: Applegate, K.A. Enter the Enchanted. Everworld no. 3, Scholastic, 1999.
BOOK, NO AUTHOR: Diary of an Oxygen Thief. 2006. Gallery Books, 2014.
BOOK, SECTION: Obejas, Achy. Introduction. Days of Awe, Ballantine Books, 2021, pp. ix--xi.
BOOK, SELF PUBLISHED: Leger, Marie-France. A Hue of Blu. 2023.
BOOK, SPECIAL EDITION: Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. 1953. 60th anniversary ed., Simon and Schuster, 2013.
BOOK WITH CONTRIBUTORS: Weinersmith, Zach. Augie and the Green Knight. Illustrated by Boulet, Bredpig, 2015.
BOOK WITH ORIGINAL PUBLISHING DATE: Alighieri, Dante. Inferno. 1322. Translated by Michael Palma, Norton, 2002.
COMIC, INDIVIDUAL ISSUE: Morrison, Grant and Frank Quitely. "Mommy Made of Nails." Batman and Robin, vol. 1, no. 3, DC Comics, October 2009.
COMIC, INDIVIDUAL ISSUE, DIGITAL EDITION: Morrison, Grant and Frank Quitely. "Mommy Made of Nails." Batman and Robin, ComiXology ed., vol. 1, no. 3, DC Comics, October 2009, amazon.com/Batman-Robin-2009-2011-3-ebook/dp/B00LWI2WNM.
COMIC, INDIVIDUAL ISSUE IN PRINT COLLECTION: Morrison, Grant and Frank Quitely. "Chapter 3: Mommy Made of Nails." Batman Reborn, Batman and Robin vol. 1, collection 1. DC Comics, 2010, pp. 53--78.
COMIC, ONLINE ONLY: Weinersmith, Zach. "Homework." Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal, 3 February 2019, 10:06 a.m., smbc-comics.com/comic/homework.
COMIC, ORIGINAL GRAPHIC NOVEL: Moon, Fabio and Gabriel Ba. Daytripper. 2010. Vertigo, 2014.
COMIC, PRINT COLLECTION: Morrison, Grant and Frank Quitely. Batman Reborn. Batman and Robin vol. 1, collection 1. DC Comics, 2010.
DICTIONARY ENTRY: see REFERENCE
EMAIL: Coon, Brandon. Email to the author. 15 May 2018.
FACEBOOK: see ONLINE MEDIA
FILM: Jaws. Directed by Stephen Spielberg, Universal, 1975.
FILM, BONUS FEATURE: "Spotlight on Location: The Making of Jaws." Jaws, 25th anniversary ed., Universal, 1975. DVD.
FILM CLIP POSTED ONLINE: "You're Gonna Need a Bigger Boat." From Jaws, Universal, 1975. YouTube, uploaded by Movieclips, 16 June 2011, youtu.be/2I91DJZKRxs.
FILM, FESTIVAL SCREENING, NO DISTRIBUTOR: Girls Will Be Girls. Directed by Shuchi Talati, 2023. Screened at Sundance Film Festival, 25 January 2024, Park City, Utah.
FILM, INFORMATIONAL SITE: "Jaws: Crazy Credits." IMDb, accessed 14 February 2024, imdb.com/title/tt0073195/crazycredits.
FILM, REVIEW, USER RATING OR SCORE: Aggregate score for Jaws, 1975. Rotten Tomatoes, accessed 14 February 2024, rottentomatoes.com/m/jaws.
FILM, REVIEW, VIDEO: Murrell, Dan. "Why I Love Jaws." [review] YouTube, 2 May 2020, youtu.be/MHkMHpGqAXw.
FILM, REVIEW, WRITTEN: Ebert, Roger. Review of Jaws, 1975. Roger Ebert Reviews, Ebert Digital, 20 August 2000, rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-jaws-1975.
FILM SCORE AND SOUNDTRACK: see MUSIC, FILM
FILM, SHORT: Poison. Directed by Wes Anderson, based on the Roald Dahl story, Indian Paintbrush, 2023. Netflix app.
FILM, SPECIAL EDITION: Jaws. Directed by Steven Spielberg, 4K Ultra HD steel book ed., Universal, 1975. Blu-Ray.
FILM, STUDENT: Class Clown. Directed by Jack Dennis Smith, created for Advanced Acting with Mr. Coon, Spring 2022, Frederick High School, Frederick, Colorado.
FOOD LABEL: see ADVERTISEMENT, PACKAGING TEXT
GOOGLE SEARCH RESULTS: Not a source--do not cite
GOVERNMENT BILL: Colorado, General Assembly, State Senate. Repeal the Death Penalty. Colorado General Assembly record, leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb20-100. 72nd General Assembly, 2nd Session, Senate Bill 20-100, passed 23 March 2020.
GOVERNMENT COURT DECISION: Colorado, Supreme Court. Griswold v. Anderson. Colorado Judicial Branch record, Supreme Court case no. 23SA300, 19 December 2023, courts.state.co.us/userfiles/file/Court_Probation/Supreme_Court/Opinions/2023/23SA300.pdf
GOVERNMENT COURT DECISION, DISSENT OR CONCURRENT OPINION: Barrett, Amy Coney. Concurring opinion. Trump v. Anderson. United States Supreme Court, 4 March 2024, supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/23-719_19m2.pdf.
GOVERNMENT, EXECUTIVE ORDER OR CRIMINAL PARDON: Colorado, Office of the Governor [Jared Polis]. Executive order D 2022-004: Declaring a Disaster Emergency Due to the Marshall Fire and Straight-Line Winds in Boulder County and Authorizing Employment of the Colorado National Guard. Office of the Governor record, 27 January 2022, colorado.gov/governor/sites/default/files/inline-files/D%202022%20004%20Marshall%20Fire%20EO_0.pdf.
GOVERNMENT SESSION OR HEARING: Colorado, General Assembly, House. Concerning a Bill of Rights for Youth in Foster Care. Colorado General Assembly record, 9 February 2024, sg001-harmony.sliq.net/00327/Harmony/en/PowerBrowser/
PowerBrowserV2/20240209/-1/15340. Audio recording.
GOVERNMENT, LEGAL FORM OR AFFIDAVIT: Rifle Police Department [Colorado]. Affidavit Concerning Arrest of Tyler J. Boebert. Colorado Judicial Branch record, 27 February 2024, courts.state.co.us/Media/Opinion_Docs/24CR57%20Tyler%20Boebert%20affi%
20redactions.pdf. Partially redacted for public release.
GOVERNMENT, LEGAL STATUTES AND LAWS, ONLINE DATABASE: Colorado, General Assembly. CRS 20-1-120: Rights of Free Expression for Public School Students. Colorado Revised Statutes, revised 2021. LexusNexus, advance.lexis.com/api/document/
collection/statutes-legislation/id/62PC-1DC3-CH1B-T3HV-00008-00.
GOVERNMENT, LEGAL STATUTES AND LAWS, PUBLICATION: Colorado, General Assembly. CRS 20-1-120: Rights of Free Expression for Public School Students. Colorado Revised Statutes, Title 22: Education, revised 2023, pp. 21--23. State of Colorado, leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2023-title-22.pdf.
GOVERNMENT REPORT OR PAMPHLET: Student Attendance State Policy. Colorado Department of Education, December 2022, cde.state.co.us/dropoutprevention/studentattendancefaq2022.
GOVERNMENT, SUPREME GOVERNING DOCUMENTS: Colorado Constitution. 1876. Colorado General Assembly record,accessed 19 March 2024. LexusNexus, advance.lexis.com/container?config=0155JAAyMzg2MTYzZi1jMWNlLTRlOTQtODVjZS0xZTU0MDg1YmQ0
OTUKAFBvZENhdGFsb2eEcVf2aFZwpM1qua3EYcVa
GOVERNMENT, TREATIES: Treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho [Little Arkansas Treaty]. Signed 14 October 1865. Trial Treaties Database, Oklahoma State U, accessed 19 March 2024, treaties.okstate.edu/treaties/treaty-with-the-cheyenne-and-arapaho-1865-0887. Treaty between United States and the native Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes.
INSTAGRAM: see ONLINE MEDIA
INTERVIEW, PERSONAL: Santos, Jennifer. Interview. Conducted by the author, 4 April 2023.
INTERVIEW, PUBLISHED TEXT: Wiesel, Elie. Interview. Conducted by Georg Klein, 10 December 2004, nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/wiesel/interview.
INTERVIEW, PUBLISHED VIDEO: Wiesel, Elie. Interview with Elie Wiesel. Conducted by Georg Klein, 10 December 2004.
INTERVIEW, TELEVISION: Wiesel, Elie. Interview. Conducted by Oprah Winfrey, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Harpo Entertainment, 24 May 2006. YouTube, uploaded by OWN, 15 January 2009, youtu.be/Igjj870VMts.
INTERVIEW, WATCHED LIVE: Campbell, Neve et al. "Scream Q&A." Panel interview with Campbell, Matthew Lillard, Jamie Kennedy, and Skeet Ulrich. Salt Lake FanX, 22 September 2023, Salt Palace Convention Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
LETTER, PUBLISHED IN BOOK: Vonnegut, Kurt. Letter to Xavier High School, et al. 5 November 2006. Letters of Note: An Eclectic Collection of Correspondence Deserving of a Wider Audience. Compiled by Shaun Usher, vol. 2, Chronical Books, 2016, p. 264.
LETTER, PUBLISHED ONLINE: Vonnegut, Kurt. Letter to Xavier High School, et al. 5 November 2006. Letters of Note, 5 November 2021, news.lettersofnote.com/p/make-your-soul-grow.
LETTER, UNPUBLISHED: Parr, Chris T. Postcard to the author. 17 July 2019/
MOVIE: see FILM
MUSIC, LIVE CONCERT: Dead and Company. Farewell Tour. 3 July 2023, Folsom Field, Boulder, Colorado.
MUSIC, LIVE CONCERT RECORDING: Dead and Company. Farewell Tour. 3 July 2023, Folsom Field, Boulder, Colorado. Uploaded by Nugs.net, accessed 14 March 2024, nugs.net/live-download-of-dead-and-company-folsom-field-boulder-co-07-03-2023-mp3-flac-or-online-music-streaming/32678.html.
MUSIC, NO ALBUM (SINGLE RELEASE): Grateful Dead. "Ripple." 1970. Rerelease, Warner, 2018. 7" Vinyl.
MUSIC, SHEET BY ITSELF: Hunter, Robert and Jerry Garcia. "Ripple." Arrangement for vocals / piano / guitar, Ice Nine Publishing, 1971, virtualsheetmusic.com/score/HL-295851.
MUSIC, SHEET FROM A BOOK: Hunter, Robert and Jerry Garcia. "Ripple." Whoa Ho! What I Want to Know How Does the Song Go?: The Complete Grateful Dead Songbook, Lyrics and Chords: 1965-1995. Final ed., GD Songbooks, 2023, p. 93.
MUSIC, SONG, COVER ON ALBUM: Jane's Addiction. "Ripple." Originally performed by the Grateful Dead, Rev, Warner, 1999.
MUSIC, SONG, COVER ONLINE: Lindgren, Toni. "Ripple." Originally performed by the Grateful Dead, YouTube, uploaded by Ellie and Toni, 25 December 2023, youtu.be/MpNbcCbqCSg.
MUSIC, SONG FROM ALBUM: Grateful Dead. "Ripple." American Beauty, Warner, 1970.
MUSIC, SONG FROM ALBUM, SPECIAL EDITION: Grateful Dead. "Ripple, Single Version." 1970. American Beauty, expanded and remastered ed., Warner, 2001. CD.
MUSIC, SONG FROM FILM/TV, DIAGETIC (PERFORMED BY ACTORS): Vazquez, Yul [Dead Head Gill]. "Ripple." In Runaway Bride, starring Julia Roberts and Richard Gere, Paramount, 1999.
MUSIC, SONG FROM FILM/TV, NONDIAGETIC (SOUNDTRACK OR SCORE): Grateful Dead. "Ripple." In "Discos and Dragons," Freaks and Geeks, season 1, episode 18, Dreamworks, 2000.
MUSIC, SONG FROM STAGE MUSICAL: Hunter, Robert and Jerry Garcia. "Ripple" Red Roses, Green Gold, arranged for the stage by Jeff Chimenti, performed by Scott Wakefield and Maggie Hollinbeck, 18 March 2018, Minetta Lane Theatre, New York City.
MUSIC, STREAMED: Grateful Dead. "Ripple." American Beauty, Warner, 1970. Spotify app.
MUSIC, SUPPLEMENT TO ALBUM: Grateful Dead. Liner Notes. American Beauty, Warner, 1970. Vinyl.
MUSIC VIDEO (OFFICIAL): Grateful Dead: Touch of Grey. Directed by Gary Gutierrez, Grateful Dead Productions, 1987. YouTube, uploaded by Grateful Dead, 21 December 2012, youtu.be/mzvk0fWtCs0.
ONLINE MEDIA, GAME: see VIDEO GAME, ONLINE
ONLINE MEDIA, LIVESTREAM: "First annual Halloween Live stream!" The Horror Bandwagon, 31 October 2023, 7:30 p.m. MST, twitch.tv/thehorrorbandwagon.
ONLINE MEDIA, MEME: Marroquin, Sergio [@thehorrorbandwagon]. "Me when they finally drop the 'Halloween Kills' full trailer" Versailles Run meme. Instagram, 20 May 2021, 5:40 p.m. CST, instagram.com/p/CPHKMniAHib.
ONLINE MEDIA, MESSAGE ON COMMUNITY SERVER: Holy Hayden. Message posted in the #Horror News channel of The Horror Bandwagon Discord, 28 January 2024 7:05 p.m. MST, discord.com/channels/1073771439485886485.
ONLINE MEDIA, ORIGINAL ART: Manalang, Austeen [@fauxteen]. "The Horror Bandwagon logo." Behance, 11 March 2021, behance.net/gallery/115200075/The-Horror-Bandwagon.
ONLINE MEDIA, PODCAST EPISODE, APP: see AUDIO, PODCAST
ONLINE MEDIA, PODCAST EPISODE, EMBEDDED PLAYER: Marroquin, Sergio and Cody Beaver, hosts. “Her name was Lola: The Loved Ones, 2009." The Horror Bandwagon Podcast, season 3, episode 324, 13 July 2022. The Horror Bandwagon, accessed 20 March 2024, thehorrorbandwagon.com.
ONLINE MEDIA, POST: Marroquin, Sergio [@thehorrorbandwagon]. "We were warned about this movie and we still weren’t prepared! Join us as we try to survive the night and wrath of Jane Doe! Reaction is out now!" Instagram, 16 July 2023, 3:16 p.m. CST, instagram.com/p/CuxXaC1Pun0.
ONLINE MEDIA, POST COMMENT: @aimee_gray421. Comment on "We were warned about this movie and we still weren’t . . . ." Instagram, 16 July 2023, instagram.com/p/CuxXaC1Pun0.
ONLINE MEDIA, PRODUCT REVIEW: @horrorfan6six6. Review of "The Horror Bandwagon Classic Logo Sweatshirt," The Horror Bandwagon, 6 November 2023, thehorrorbandwagon.com/merch/p/the-horror-bandwagon-classic-logo.
ONLINE MEDIA, SUBSCRIBER-ONLY CONTENT: “The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003) Full Watch Along." The Horror Bandwagon Podcast, Patreon exclusive, 29 December 2023, patreon.com/thehorrorbandwagon.
ONLINE MEDIA, VIDEO: “Hatcher (2006) First Time Watch Left Us Shook and Grossed Out!" YouTube, uploaded by The Horror Bandwagon, 2 September 2022, youtu.be/E-XqJ3hGcWc.
ONLINE MEDIA, VIDEO, EMBEDDED PLAYER: “Hatcher (2006) First Time Watch Left Us Shook and Grossed Out!" YouTube, uploaded by The Horror Bandwagon, 2 September 2022. The Horror Bandwagon, accessed 20 March 2024, thehorrorbandwagon.com.
POEM, IN ANTHOLOGY: Mehigan, Josh. "The Orange Bottle." Accepting the Disaster: Poems. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014, pp. 45-61.
POEM, IN BOOK THAT ISN'T AN ANTHOLOGY: Mathers, E. Powys, translator. "Black Marigolds." From Chaurapanchasika, circa eleventh century India. Found in Cannery Row by John Steinbeck. 1945. Centennial ed., Penguin, 2002, pp. 128--129, 135--136.
POEM, IN MAGAZINE: Mehigan, Joshua. "The Orange Bottle." Poetry, edited by Christian Wiman, vol. 201, no. 5, February 2013, pp. 507-519.
POEM, LIVE PERFORMANCE: Mehigan, Josh. "The Orange Bottle." Performed by Elisabeth Kulesus, Undergrad Poetry Slam night, 23 March 2021, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.
POEM, NO TITLE: Dickenson, Emily. "There's a certain Slant of light." 1861. Poetry Foundation, accessed 20 February 2024, poetryfoundation.org/poems/45723.
POEM, ONLINE: Mehigan, Josh. "The Orange Bottle." Poetry Foundation, accessed March 20 2024, poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/56038.
PLAY: Simon, Neil. Rumors. Samuel French, 1990.
PLAY IN ANTHOLOGY: Simon, Neil. Rumors. The Collected Plays of Neil Simon. Vol. 4, Simon and Schuster, 1998 pp. 8--103.
PLAY, LIVE PERFORMANCE: Simon, Neil. Rumors. Directed by Emily Ferguson, Frederick Theatre, 19 April 2019,Frederick High School, Frederick, Colorado.
PLAY, MUSICAL CONTRIBUTERS: Simon, Neil, librettist. Sweet Charity. 1966. Music by Cy Coleman, lyrics by Dorothy Fields, Concord Theatricals, 2016.
PLAY, MONOLOGUE FROM: Simon, Neil. "Lenny's Final Monologue." From Rumors, Samuel French, 1990, pp. 91-94.
PLAY, PROGRAM FROM: Program from Rumors by Neil Simon at Frederick High School, Frederick, Colorado. 19 April 2019.
PLAY, PERFORMANCE NOTES: Simon, Neil. Notes on Required Music. Rumors. Samuel French, 1990, p. 3.
RECIPE, FROM COOKBOOK: Bittman, Mark. "Snickerdoodles." How to Bake Everything: Simple Recipes for the Best Baking. Illustrated ed., How to Cook Everything vol. 7, Harvest, 2016, pp. 170-171.
RECIPE, ONLINE: Sigworth, Beth. "Mrs. Sigg's Snickerdoodles." All Recipes, 23 June 2023, allrecipes.com/recipe/10687/mrs-siggs-snickerdoodles.
RECIPE, UNPUBLISHED: Fleming, Betty June. "Snickerdoodles." Family recipe of author. 1935?
REFERENCE, DICTIONARY ENTRY, IN PRINT: "Physical, Adj. ( 2 )." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed., Merrium-Webster, 2019, p. 935.
REFERENCE, DICTIONARY ENTRY, ONLINE: "Digital, Adj. ( 1 )." Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2024, merriam-webster.com/dictionary/digital.
REFERENCE, ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRY: "Internet." Wikipedia, accessed 2 March 2024, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet.
REFERENCE, MAP, IN ATLAS: "Colorado." Rand McNally Road Atlas & National Park Guide 2024. Rand McNally, 2024, p. 20.
REFERENCE MAP, ONLINE: Map of Colorado. Google Maps, 2024, maps.google.com.
REFERENCE, MAP, SINGLE: Colorado State Map. Rand McNally, 2021.
REFERENCE, RAW DATA SET: "Elon Musk Donor Record." Open Secrets, accessed 18 March 2024, docs.google.com/spreadsheets/
d/1nwtqu93Cuobth6a6e6eLHPbSPfkB_2qN5huaHW6uTBo
REFERENCE, WALL POSTER: "Periodic Table of Elements." Place Learning, viewed 20 January 2024, Frederick High School, Frederick, Colorado.
SCHOOL, ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS ON LMS: "Unit 3 Narrative: Double Vision Instructions." Sophomore English, taught by Brandon Coon. Schoology, Frederick High School, spring 2024, schoology.svvsd.org/course/7086611895/materials/discussion/
view/7159009090.
SCHOOL, ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION, UNPUBLISHED: Watson, Hannah. "Melody." For Creative Writing, taught by Brandon Coon. Frederick High School, fall 2022.
SCHOOL, CLASS RESOURCE DOCUMENT, ONLINE: "Dialectical Journal Template." Sophomore English, taught by Brandon Coon. Schoology, Frederick High School, spring 2024, schoology.svvsd.org/course/7086611895/materials/gp/7098090294.
SCHOOL, CLASS RESOURCE DOCUMENT, PHYSICAL: "Dialectical Journal Template." Sophomore English, taught by Brandon Coon. Schoology, Frederick High School, spring 2024. Handout.
SCHOOL. CLASS SYLLABUS: Syllabus for AP Literature and Composition. Taught by Brandon Coon, 2018-2019 academic year, Frederick High School, Frederick, Colorado.
SCHOOL, LECTURE, LIVE: Coon, Brandon. Lecture on Verb Conjugation. Freshman English, 13 March 2024, Frederick High School.
SCHOOL, LECTURE, ONLINE: Coon, Brandon. Lecture on Verb Conjugation. WebEx. Freshman English, 13 March 2024, Frederick High School.
SCHOOL, LECTURE, RECORDING: Coon, Brandon. Lecture on Verb Conjugation. Freshman English, 13 March 2024, Frederick High School. Schoology, uploaded 14 March 2024, schoology.svvsd.org/assignment/7100241506/info.
SCHOOL, LECTURE OR READING NOTES: Santoya, Carlos. Notes on Lecture on Verb Conjugation. Freshman English, taught by Bandon Coon, 13 March 2024, Frederick High School.
SCHOOL, MEETING OUTSIDE CLASS, IN PERSON: Meeting of the Student Advisory Board. Frederick High School, 13 March 2024, Frederick, Colorado.
SCHOOL, MEETING OUTSIDE CLASS, ONLINE: Meeting of the Student Advisory Board. Frederick High School, 13 March 2024, Frederick, Colorado, online.
SCHOOL, ONLINE SLIDE DECK: Coon, Brandon. "Intimacy Work for High School Actors." Google Slides, accessed 14 February 2024, docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GIez2EnV4j2q3J8RW66hIwzOKfbtf39BvcdBOA8cwbc. Slide 18.
SCRIPTURE, ENTIRE BOOK: The Torah. Edited by the Jewish Publication Society of America. 14th ed., Henry Holt, 2004.
SCRIPTURE, ONLINE: Devarim [Deuteronomy] 9:1--29. The Torah. Chabad.org, Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center, accessed 7 February 2024, chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9973.
SCRIPTURE, PASSAGES: Deuteronomy 9: The Perils of Overconfidence. The Torah. Edited by the Jewish Publication Society of America, 14th ed., Henry Holt, 2004, pp. 341-43.
SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS: Not a source--do not cite
SHORT STORY IN ANTHOLOGY: Irving, Washington. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." 1820. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, edited by Robert Levine et al., 9th ed., vol. B: 1820-1865, W.W. Norton, 2017, pp. 41-60.
SHORT STORY, ONLINE: Irving, Washington. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." 1820. Project Gutenberg, 27 June 2022, gutenberg.org/files/41/41-h/41-h.
SNAP (SNAPCHAT): see ONLINE MEDIA
SOCIAL MEDIA: see ONLINE MEDIA
SONG: see MUSIC
SPEECH, LIVE: Biden, Joseph R. "State of the Union Address 2024." 7 March 2024, US Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.
SPEECH, TRANSCRIPT: Biden, Joseph R. "State of the Union Address 2024." Delivered on 7 March 2024, US Capitol Building, Washington, D.C., Office of the White House, accessed 20 March 2024, whitehouse.gov/state-of-the-union-2024. Transcript.
SPEECH, WATCHED LIVE ON TV: Biden, Joseph R. "State of the Union Address 2024." MSNBC, 7 March 2024. Live.
SPEECH, WATCHED LIVE, ONLINE LIVESTREAM: Biden, Joseph R. "State of the Union Address 2024." Livestreamed by Brian Tyler Cohen, YouTube, 7 March 2024, youtube.com/live/yE_Jewmi5u4.
SPEECH, WATCHED RECORDING: Biden, Joseph R. "State of the Union Address 2024." YouTube, uploaded by NBC News, 7 March 2024, youtu.be/al7ont2noYA.
TELEGRAM POST: see ONLINE MEDIA
TELEVISION CLIP POSTED ONLINE: "Bart Plays with Grandpa Simpson's Dentures." From "Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie," The Simpsons, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992. YouTube, uploaded by Simpsons Clips, 5 September 2018, youtu.be/mGxR3DxEdas.
TELEVISION COMMERCIAL: see ADVERTISEMENT
TELEVISION EPISODE: "Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie." The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992.
TELEVISION EPISODE, BROADCAST ON TV: "Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie." The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992. FXX, 12 July 2023.
TELEVISION EPISODE, HOME MEDIA: "Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie." The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992, disc 2. DVD.
TELEVISION EPISODE, LIVE BROADCAST: "Dead Line." Inside No. 9, created by Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith, series 4, BBC, 28 October 2018. Live, BBC Two.
TELEVISION EPISODE, STREAMED: "Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie." The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992. Disney+ app.
TELEVISION, GAME SHOW: The Price is Right. Hosted by Drew Carey, season 52, CBS, 20 March 2024.
TELEVISION, NEWS OR TALK SHOW: NBC Nightly News. Hosted by Lester Holt, NBC Universal, 6 June 2016.
TELEVISION, NEWS OR TALK SHOW SEGMENT: "Saying Goodbye to the Greatest." NBC Nightly News, hosted by Lester Holt, NBC Universal, 6 June 2016.
THREADS POST: see ONLINE MEDIA
TIKTOK VIDEO: see ONLINE MEDIA
TEXT MESSAGE: see EMAIL
TWEET: see ONLINE MEDIA
UNPUBLISHED WRITING: Coon, Brandon. "Teacher of the Year." 2023. Manuscript.
VIDEO: see ONLINE MEDIA, VIDEO
VIDEO GAME, CONSOLE: Doki Doki Literature Club Plus! Developed by Dan Salvato, Team Salvato, 2021. Nintendo Switch game.
VIDEO GAME, MOD: Doki Doki Literature Club! Monika After Story mod, developed by Backdash, version 0.12.15,20 September 2023, monikaafterstory.com. Original game developed by Dan Salvato, Team Salvato, 2017, store.steampowered.com/app/717250.
VIDEO GAME, ONLINE: Doki Doki Literature Club! Developed by Dan Salvato, version 1.1.1, Team Salvato, 2018, store.steampowered.com/app/698780. Steam app.
VIDEO GAME, ONLINE DLC (DOWNLOADABLE CONTENT): Doki Doki Literature Club! Fan Pack DLC, Team Salvato, 2017, store.steampowered.com/app/717250.
VIDEO GAME, PROGRAMMING, AUDIO AND MUSIC: "heartbeat.ogg." Doki Doki Literature Club!, music composed by Dan Salvato, version 1.1.1, Team Salvato, 2018, DDLC/game/bgm.
VIDEO GAME, PROGRAMMING, IMAGE: "menu_art_y_ghost.png" Doki Doki Literature Club!, version 1.1.1, Team Salvato, 2018, DDLC/ddlc-renpy-project/game/gui.
VIDEO GAME, PROGRAMING, README FILE: "CAN YOU HEAR ME.txt" Doki Doki Literature Club!, version 1.1.1, Team Salvato, 2018, DDLC/game.
VIDEO GAME, PROGRAMMING, SCRIPT CODE: "script-ch5.rpy" Doki Doki Literature Club!, version 1.1.1, Team Salvato, 2018, DDLC/game.
VIDEO GAME, VR: Just Monica: DDLC VR. Fan Tribute to Doki Doki Literature Club!, developed by TTLC, Game Jolt app, accessed 18 January 2018, gamejolt.com/games/DDLCVR/311342
WEBEX MEETING: see SCHOOL, MEETING
WEBPAGE: Coon, Brandon. "MLA Citation: Ninth Edition." CoonWriting, 20 March 2024, coonwriting.com/mla.
WEBPAGE, NO AUTHOR: "MLA Style: A Quick Guide." MLA Style Center, Modern Language Association, 2024, style.mla.org/works-cited/works-cited-a-quick-guide.
WEBPAGE, NO DATE: "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue Online Writing Lab, Purdue U, accessed 20 March 2024, owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_formatting_and_style_guide.
WEBPAGE, PUBLISHER SAME AS CONTAINER: "MLA 8th edition Referencing Guide." Citationsy, 19 March 2024, citationsy.com/styles/modern-language-association
WEBPAGE, SOURCE CODE: "mla.html." CoonWriting, 20 March 2024, coonwriting.com/mla. CCS.
WEB TEXT THAT IS AI GENERATED: "Please describe what zebra symbolizes in The Art of Racing in the Rain by Garth Stein." Google Gemini, basic version, 18 March 2024, gemini.google.com.
YOUTUBE: see ONLINE MEDIA, VIDEO
ZOOM MEETING: see SCHOOL, ONLINE MEETING
ADVERTISEMENT, COMMERCIAL WATCHED ONLINE: "Mudd Takes Coachella for #DestinationMudd." YouTube, uploaded by Mudd Jeans, 29 April 2016, youtu.be/ZNLr6nPkPoU?si=MQ-CLBC7qzji7O8h.
ADVERTISEMENT, IN PRINT: Advertisement for Mudd apparel at Kohls. Teen Vogue, December 2016, pp. 30-31.
ADVERTISEMENT, IN PRINT BUT FOUND ONLINE: "Promo Code: DressLove." Facebook, Mudd Jeans, 3 March 2016, facebook.com/Mudd/photos/pb.100064505512086.-2207520000/10154002537901052. Sponsored Post.
ADVERTISEMENT, MAIL: "Shop Black Friday at Kohl's." Mailed to the author, 19 November 2016. Catalogue.
ADVERTISEMENT, PACKAGING TEXT: Washing instructions tag on Mudd Low Rise Flare Jeans. Product no. 4H0462, circa 2000.
ADVERTISEMENT, SIGN OR BILBOARD: Advertisement on bus stop sign for "Destination: Mudd." 21 October 2016, Centerplace Shopping Center, Greeley, Colorado.
ADVERTISEMENT, STICKERS AND APPAREL: "Mudd Jeans: The Starlight Cove, 21 and over welcome, New York, NY." Text on a woman's yellow t-shirt. Mudd Jeans, viewed by author on 19 October 2016, Kohl's Department Store, Greeley, Colorado.
ARTIFACT IN MUSEUM: The Folsom point. Circa 10,000 BCE, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado.
ARTWORK IN MUSEUM: van Gogh, Vincent. Starry Night. 1889, Museum of Modern Art, New York City.
ARTWORK, MUSEUM DISPLAY TEXT: Wall text for Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh. 1889, Museum of Modern Art, New York City.
ARTWORK, ONLINE REPRODUCTION: van Gogh, Vincent. Starry Night. 1889, Museum of Modern Art, accessed 18 March 2024, moma.org/collection/works/79802.
ARTWORK THAT IS AI GENERATED: "Generate a daylight scene that looks like Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh." Deep AI, standard version, 18 March 2024, deepai.org/machine-learning-model/text2img.
ARTICLE, ACADEMIC JOURNAL: Skov, Laurits et al. "Genetic Insights into the Social Organization of Neanderthals." Nature, vol. 610, no. 7932, 20 October 2022, pp. 519–525.
ARTICLE, MAGAZINE: Dickman, Kyle. "On Fire." Popular Science, November 2015, pp. 42-47.
ARTICLE, NEWSPAPER: Barry, Dan. "Just One Last Swirl Around the Bowl." The New York Times, 5 April 2009, p. ST6.
ARTICLE, ONLINE: Brunden, Jenny. "Safe2Tell Numbers Hit Record High with Hundreds of Reports of Suicide, Bullying, and School Complaints." CPR News, Colorado Public Radio, 12 March 2024, 2:23 p.m. MST, cpr.org/2024/03/12/safe2tell-numbers-hit-record-high-february-2024.
ARTICLE, ONLINE DATABASE: Wee, Valarie. “The Scream Trilogy, Hyperpostmodernism, and the Late-Nineties Teen Slasher Film.” Journal of Film and Video, vol. 57, no. 3, 2005, pp. 44–61. JSTOR, jstor.org/stable/20688497.
ARTICLE, ONLINE WITH DOI: Skov, Laurits et al. "Genetic Insights into the Social Organization of Neanderthals." Nature, vol. 610, no. 7932, 20 October 2022, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05283-y.
AUDIO, LIVE BROADCAST: "From Anxiety to Cancer, the Evidence Against Ultra-processed Food Piles Up." Morning Edition, hosted by Steve Inskeep, report by Allison Aubrey, National Public Radio, KCFC 1490 18 March 2024, 6:31 a.m. MDT.
AUDIO, ONLINE RECORDING OF BROADCAST: Aubrey, Allison. "From Anxiety to Cancer, the Evidence Against Ultra-processed Food Piles Up." Morning Edition, hosted by Steve Inskeep, National Public Radio, 18 March 2024, 3:01 a.m. MDT, npr.org/sections/health-shots/2024/03/18/1238939706.
AUDIO, ONLINE TRANSCRIPT OF BROADCAST: "From Anxiety to Cancer, the Evidence Against Ultra-processed Food Piles Up." Morning Edition, hosted by Steve Inskeep, report by Allison Aubrey, National Public Radio, 18 March 2024, 3:01 a.m. MDT, npr.org/sections/health-shots/2024/03/18/1238939706. Transcript.
AUDIO, PODCAST EPISODE, APP: Smith, Kevin and Scott Mosier. "The Walrus and the Carpenter." Smodcast, no. 259, Smodco, 4 March 2014. Last.fm app.
AUDIO, PODCAST EPISODE, ONLINE: Smith, Kevin and Scott Mosier. "The Walrus and the Carpenter." Smodcast, no. 259, Smodco, 4 March 2014, smodcast.com/channel/smodcast?audio=259.
AUDIO, SONG: see MUSIC
BOOK: Backman, Fredrik. Anxious People. Atria Books, 2020.
BOOK, AUDIO EDITION: Backman, Fredrik. Anxious People. Narrated by Marin Ireland, audiobook ed., Simon and Schuster Audio, 2020. Audible app.
BOOK, CHAPTER: Backman, Fredrik. "Chapter 3: It's the day before New Year's Eve . . . ." Anxious People. Atria Books, 2020, pp. 5--9.
BOOK, DIGITAL EDITION: Backman, Fredrik. Anxious People. Kindle ed., Atria Books, 2020.
BOOK, EDITOR AS AUTHOR: Greer, Andrew John, editor. The Best American Short Stories 2022. Mariner Books, 2022.
BOOK, IN A SERIES: Applegate, K.A. Enter the Enchanted. Everworld no. 3, Scholastic, 1999.
BOOK, NO AUTHOR: Diary of an Oxygen Thief. 2006. Gallery Books, 2014.
BOOK, SECTION: Obejas, Achy. Introduction. Days of Awe, Ballantine Books, 2021, pp. ix--xi.
BOOK, SELF PUBLISHED: Leger, Marie-France. A Hue of Blu. 2023.
BOOK, SPECIAL EDITION: Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. 1953. 60th anniversary ed., Simon and Schuster, 2013.
BOOK WITH CONTRIBUTORS: Weinersmith, Zach. Augie and the Green Knight. Illustrated by Boulet, Bredpig, 2015.
BOOK WITH ORIGINAL PUBLISHING DATE: Alighieri, Dante. Inferno. 1322. Translated by Michael Palma, Norton, 2002.
COMIC, INDIVIDUAL ISSUE: Morrison, Grant and Frank Quitely. "Mommy Made of Nails." Batman and Robin, vol. 1, no. 3, DC Comics, October 2009.
COMIC, INDIVIDUAL ISSUE, DIGITAL EDITION: Morrison, Grant and Frank Quitely. "Mommy Made of Nails." Batman and Robin, ComiXology ed., vol. 1, no. 3, DC Comics, October 2009, amazon.com/Batman-Robin-2009-2011-3-ebook/dp/B00LWI2WNM.
COMIC, INDIVIDUAL ISSUE IN PRINT COLLECTION: Morrison, Grant and Frank Quitely. "Chapter 3: Mommy Made of Nails." Batman Reborn, Batman and Robin vol. 1, collection 1. DC Comics, 2010, pp. 53--78.
COMIC, ONLINE ONLY: Weinersmith, Zach. "Homework." Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal, 3 February 2019, 10:06 a.m., smbc-comics.com/comic/homework.
COMIC, ORIGINAL GRAPHIC NOVEL: Moon, Fabio and Gabriel Ba. Daytripper. 2010. Vertigo, 2014.
COMIC, PRINT COLLECTION: Morrison, Grant and Frank Quitely. Batman Reborn. Batman and Robin vol. 1, collection 1. DC Comics, 2010.
DICTIONARY ENTRY: see REFERENCE
EMAIL: Coon, Brandon. Email to the author. 15 May 2018.
FACEBOOK: see ONLINE MEDIA
FILM: Jaws. Directed by Stephen Spielberg, Universal, 1975.
FILM, BONUS FEATURE: "Spotlight on Location: The Making of Jaws." Jaws, 25th anniversary ed., Universal, 1975. DVD.
FILM CLIP POSTED ONLINE: "You're Gonna Need a Bigger Boat." From Jaws, Universal, 1975. YouTube, uploaded by Movieclips, 16 June 2011, youtu.be/2I91DJZKRxs.
FILM, FESTIVAL SCREENING, NO DISTRIBUTOR: Girls Will Be Girls. Directed by Shuchi Talati, 2023. Screened at Sundance Film Festival, 25 January 2024, Park City, Utah.
FILM, INFORMATIONAL SITE: "Jaws: Crazy Credits." IMDb, accessed 14 February 2024, imdb.com/title/tt0073195/crazycredits.
FILM, REVIEW, USER RATING OR SCORE: Aggregate score for Jaws, 1975. Rotten Tomatoes, accessed 14 February 2024, rottentomatoes.com/m/jaws.
FILM, REVIEW, VIDEO: Murrell, Dan. "Why I Love Jaws." [review] YouTube, 2 May 2020, youtu.be/MHkMHpGqAXw.
FILM, REVIEW, WRITTEN: Ebert, Roger. Review of Jaws, 1975. Roger Ebert Reviews, Ebert Digital, 20 August 2000, rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-jaws-1975.
FILM SCORE AND SOUNDTRACK: see MUSIC, FILM
FILM, SHORT: Poison. Directed by Wes Anderson, based on the Roald Dahl story, Indian Paintbrush, 2023. Netflix app.
FILM, SPECIAL EDITION: Jaws. Directed by Steven Spielberg, 4K Ultra HD steel book ed., Universal, 1975. Blu-Ray.
FILM, STUDENT: Class Clown. Directed by Jack Dennis Smith, created for Advanced Acting with Mr. Coon, Spring 2022, Frederick High School, Frederick, Colorado.
FOOD LABEL: see ADVERTISEMENT, PACKAGING TEXT
GOOGLE SEARCH RESULTS: Not a source--do not cite
GOVERNMENT BILL: Colorado, General Assembly, State Senate. Repeal the Death Penalty. Colorado General Assembly record, leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb20-100. 72nd General Assembly, 2nd Session, Senate Bill 20-100, passed 23 March 2020.
GOVERNMENT COURT DECISION: Colorado, Supreme Court. Griswold v. Anderson. Colorado Judicial Branch record, Supreme Court case no. 23SA300, 19 December 2023, courts.state.co.us/userfiles/file/Court_Probation/Supreme_Court/Opinions/2023/23SA300.pdf
GOVERNMENT COURT DECISION, DISSENT OR CONCURRENT OPINION: Barrett, Amy Coney. Concurring opinion. Trump v. Anderson. United States Supreme Court, 4 March 2024, supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/23-719_19m2.pdf.
GOVERNMENT, EXECUTIVE ORDER OR CRIMINAL PARDON: Colorado, Office of the Governor [Jared Polis]. Executive order D 2022-004: Declaring a Disaster Emergency Due to the Marshall Fire and Straight-Line Winds in Boulder County and Authorizing Employment of the Colorado National Guard. Office of the Governor record, 27 January 2022, colorado.gov/governor/sites/default/files/inline-files/D%202022%20004%20Marshall%20Fire%20EO_0.pdf.
GOVERNMENT SESSION OR HEARING: Colorado, General Assembly, House. Concerning a Bill of Rights for Youth in Foster Care. Colorado General Assembly record, 9 February 2024, sg001-harmony.sliq.net/00327/Harmony/en/PowerBrowser/
PowerBrowserV2/20240209/-1/15340. Audio recording.
GOVERNMENT, LEGAL FORM OR AFFIDAVIT: Rifle Police Department [Colorado]. Affidavit Concerning Arrest of Tyler J. Boebert. Colorado Judicial Branch record, 27 February 2024, courts.state.co.us/Media/Opinion_Docs/24CR57%20Tyler%20Boebert%20affi%
20redactions.pdf. Partially redacted for public release.
GOVERNMENT, LEGAL STATUTES AND LAWS, ONLINE DATABASE: Colorado, General Assembly. CRS 20-1-120: Rights of Free Expression for Public School Students. Colorado Revised Statutes, revised 2021. LexusNexus, advance.lexis.com/api/document/
collection/statutes-legislation/id/62PC-1DC3-CH1B-T3HV-00008-00.
GOVERNMENT, LEGAL STATUTES AND LAWS, PUBLICATION: Colorado, General Assembly. CRS 20-1-120: Rights of Free Expression for Public School Students. Colorado Revised Statutes, Title 22: Education, revised 2023, pp. 21--23. State of Colorado, leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2023-title-22.pdf.
GOVERNMENT REPORT OR PAMPHLET: Student Attendance State Policy. Colorado Department of Education, December 2022, cde.state.co.us/dropoutprevention/studentattendancefaq2022.
GOVERNMENT, SUPREME GOVERNING DOCUMENTS: Colorado Constitution. 1876. Colorado General Assembly record,accessed 19 March 2024. LexusNexus, advance.lexis.com/container?config=0155JAAyMzg2MTYzZi1jMWNlLTRlOTQtODVjZS0xZTU0MDg1YmQ0
OTUKAFBvZENhdGFsb2eEcVf2aFZwpM1qua3EYcVa
GOVERNMENT, TREATIES: Treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho [Little Arkansas Treaty]. Signed 14 October 1865. Trial Treaties Database, Oklahoma State U, accessed 19 March 2024, treaties.okstate.edu/treaties/treaty-with-the-cheyenne-and-arapaho-1865-0887. Treaty between United States and the native Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes.
INSTAGRAM: see ONLINE MEDIA
INTERVIEW, PERSONAL: Santos, Jennifer. Interview. Conducted by the author, 4 April 2023.
INTERVIEW, PUBLISHED TEXT: Wiesel, Elie. Interview. Conducted by Georg Klein, 10 December 2004, nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/wiesel/interview.
INTERVIEW, PUBLISHED VIDEO: Wiesel, Elie. Interview with Elie Wiesel. Conducted by Georg Klein, 10 December 2004.
INTERVIEW, TELEVISION: Wiesel, Elie. Interview. Conducted by Oprah Winfrey, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Harpo Entertainment, 24 May 2006. YouTube, uploaded by OWN, 15 January 2009, youtu.be/Igjj870VMts.
INTERVIEW, WATCHED LIVE: Campbell, Neve et al. "Scream Q&A." Panel interview with Campbell, Matthew Lillard, Jamie Kennedy, and Skeet Ulrich. Salt Lake FanX, 22 September 2023, Salt Palace Convention Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
LETTER, PUBLISHED IN BOOK: Vonnegut, Kurt. Letter to Xavier High School, et al. 5 November 2006. Letters of Note: An Eclectic Collection of Correspondence Deserving of a Wider Audience. Compiled by Shaun Usher, vol. 2, Chronical Books, 2016, p. 264.
LETTER, PUBLISHED ONLINE: Vonnegut, Kurt. Letter to Xavier High School, et al. 5 November 2006. Letters of Note, 5 November 2021, news.lettersofnote.com/p/make-your-soul-grow.
LETTER, UNPUBLISHED: Parr, Chris T. Postcard to the author. 17 July 2019/
MOVIE: see FILM
MUSIC, LIVE CONCERT: Dead and Company. Farewell Tour. 3 July 2023, Folsom Field, Boulder, Colorado.
MUSIC, LIVE CONCERT RECORDING: Dead and Company. Farewell Tour. 3 July 2023, Folsom Field, Boulder, Colorado. Uploaded by Nugs.net, accessed 14 March 2024, nugs.net/live-download-of-dead-and-company-folsom-field-boulder-co-07-03-2023-mp3-flac-or-online-music-streaming/32678.html.
MUSIC, NO ALBUM (SINGLE RELEASE): Grateful Dead. "Ripple." 1970. Rerelease, Warner, 2018. 7" Vinyl.
MUSIC, SHEET BY ITSELF: Hunter, Robert and Jerry Garcia. "Ripple." Arrangement for vocals / piano / guitar, Ice Nine Publishing, 1971, virtualsheetmusic.com/score/HL-295851.
MUSIC, SHEET FROM A BOOK: Hunter, Robert and Jerry Garcia. "Ripple." Whoa Ho! What I Want to Know How Does the Song Go?: The Complete Grateful Dead Songbook, Lyrics and Chords: 1965-1995. Final ed., GD Songbooks, 2023, p. 93.
MUSIC, SONG, COVER ON ALBUM: Jane's Addiction. "Ripple." Originally performed by the Grateful Dead, Rev, Warner, 1999.
MUSIC, SONG, COVER ONLINE: Lindgren, Toni. "Ripple." Originally performed by the Grateful Dead, YouTube, uploaded by Ellie and Toni, 25 December 2023, youtu.be/MpNbcCbqCSg.
MUSIC, SONG FROM ALBUM: Grateful Dead. "Ripple." American Beauty, Warner, 1970.
MUSIC, SONG FROM ALBUM, SPECIAL EDITION: Grateful Dead. "Ripple, Single Version." 1970. American Beauty, expanded and remastered ed., Warner, 2001. CD.
MUSIC, SONG FROM FILM/TV, DIAGETIC (PERFORMED BY ACTORS): Vazquez, Yul [Dead Head Gill]. "Ripple." In Runaway Bride, starring Julia Roberts and Richard Gere, Paramount, 1999.
MUSIC, SONG FROM FILM/TV, NONDIAGETIC (SOUNDTRACK OR SCORE): Grateful Dead. "Ripple." In "Discos and Dragons," Freaks and Geeks, season 1, episode 18, Dreamworks, 2000.
MUSIC, SONG FROM STAGE MUSICAL: Hunter, Robert and Jerry Garcia. "Ripple" Red Roses, Green Gold, arranged for the stage by Jeff Chimenti, performed by Scott Wakefield and Maggie Hollinbeck, 18 March 2018, Minetta Lane Theatre, New York City.
MUSIC, STREAMED: Grateful Dead. "Ripple." American Beauty, Warner, 1970. Spotify app.
MUSIC, SUPPLEMENT TO ALBUM: Grateful Dead. Liner Notes. American Beauty, Warner, 1970. Vinyl.
MUSIC VIDEO (OFFICIAL): Grateful Dead: Touch of Grey. Directed by Gary Gutierrez, Grateful Dead Productions, 1987. YouTube, uploaded by Grateful Dead, 21 December 2012, youtu.be/mzvk0fWtCs0.
ONLINE MEDIA, GAME: see VIDEO GAME, ONLINE
ONLINE MEDIA, LIVESTREAM: "First annual Halloween Live stream!" The Horror Bandwagon, 31 October 2023, 7:30 p.m. MST, twitch.tv/thehorrorbandwagon.
ONLINE MEDIA, MEME: Marroquin, Sergio [@thehorrorbandwagon]. "Me when they finally drop the 'Halloween Kills' full trailer" Versailles Run meme. Instagram, 20 May 2021, 5:40 p.m. CST, instagram.com/p/CPHKMniAHib.
ONLINE MEDIA, MESSAGE ON COMMUNITY SERVER: Holy Hayden. Message posted in the #Horror News channel of The Horror Bandwagon Discord, 28 January 2024 7:05 p.m. MST, discord.com/channels/1073771439485886485.
ONLINE MEDIA, ORIGINAL ART: Manalang, Austeen [@fauxteen]. "The Horror Bandwagon logo." Behance, 11 March 2021, behance.net/gallery/115200075/The-Horror-Bandwagon.
ONLINE MEDIA, PODCAST EPISODE, APP: see AUDIO, PODCAST
ONLINE MEDIA, PODCAST EPISODE, EMBEDDED PLAYER: Marroquin, Sergio and Cody Beaver, hosts. “Her name was Lola: The Loved Ones, 2009." The Horror Bandwagon Podcast, season 3, episode 324, 13 July 2022. The Horror Bandwagon, accessed 20 March 2024, thehorrorbandwagon.com.
ONLINE MEDIA, POST: Marroquin, Sergio [@thehorrorbandwagon]. "We were warned about this movie and we still weren’t prepared! Join us as we try to survive the night and wrath of Jane Doe! Reaction is out now!" Instagram, 16 July 2023, 3:16 p.m. CST, instagram.com/p/CuxXaC1Pun0.
ONLINE MEDIA, POST COMMENT: @aimee_gray421. Comment on "We were warned about this movie and we still weren’t . . . ." Instagram, 16 July 2023, instagram.com/p/CuxXaC1Pun0.
ONLINE MEDIA, PRODUCT REVIEW: @horrorfan6six6. Review of "The Horror Bandwagon Classic Logo Sweatshirt," The Horror Bandwagon, 6 November 2023, thehorrorbandwagon.com/merch/p/the-horror-bandwagon-classic-logo.
ONLINE MEDIA, SUBSCRIBER-ONLY CONTENT: “The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003) Full Watch Along." The Horror Bandwagon Podcast, Patreon exclusive, 29 December 2023, patreon.com/thehorrorbandwagon.
ONLINE MEDIA, VIDEO: “Hatcher (2006) First Time Watch Left Us Shook and Grossed Out!" YouTube, uploaded by The Horror Bandwagon, 2 September 2022, youtu.be/E-XqJ3hGcWc.
ONLINE MEDIA, VIDEO, EMBEDDED PLAYER: “Hatcher (2006) First Time Watch Left Us Shook and Grossed Out!" YouTube, uploaded by The Horror Bandwagon, 2 September 2022. The Horror Bandwagon, accessed 20 March 2024, thehorrorbandwagon.com.
POEM, IN ANTHOLOGY: Mehigan, Josh. "The Orange Bottle." Accepting the Disaster: Poems. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014, pp. 45-61.
POEM, IN BOOK THAT ISN'T AN ANTHOLOGY: Mathers, E. Powys, translator. "Black Marigolds." From Chaurapanchasika, circa eleventh century India. Found in Cannery Row by John Steinbeck. 1945. Centennial ed., Penguin, 2002, pp. 128--129, 135--136.
POEM, IN MAGAZINE: Mehigan, Joshua. "The Orange Bottle." Poetry, edited by Christian Wiman, vol. 201, no. 5, February 2013, pp. 507-519.
POEM, LIVE PERFORMANCE: Mehigan, Josh. "The Orange Bottle." Performed by Elisabeth Kulesus, Undergrad Poetry Slam night, 23 March 2021, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.
POEM, NO TITLE: Dickenson, Emily. "There's a certain Slant of light." 1861. Poetry Foundation, accessed 20 February 2024, poetryfoundation.org/poems/45723.
POEM, ONLINE: Mehigan, Josh. "The Orange Bottle." Poetry Foundation, accessed March 20 2024, poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/56038.
PLAY: Simon, Neil. Rumors. Samuel French, 1990.
PLAY IN ANTHOLOGY: Simon, Neil. Rumors. The Collected Plays of Neil Simon. Vol. 4, Simon and Schuster, 1998 pp. 8--103.
PLAY, LIVE PERFORMANCE: Simon, Neil. Rumors. Directed by Emily Ferguson, Frederick Theatre, 19 April 2019,Frederick High School, Frederick, Colorado.
PLAY, MUSICAL CONTRIBUTERS: Simon, Neil, librettist. Sweet Charity. 1966. Music by Cy Coleman, lyrics by Dorothy Fields, Concord Theatricals, 2016.
PLAY, MONOLOGUE FROM: Simon, Neil. "Lenny's Final Monologue." From Rumors, Samuel French, 1990, pp. 91-94.
PLAY, PROGRAM FROM: Program from Rumors by Neil Simon at Frederick High School, Frederick, Colorado. 19 April 2019.
PLAY, PERFORMANCE NOTES: Simon, Neil. Notes on Required Music. Rumors. Samuel French, 1990, p. 3.
RECIPE, FROM COOKBOOK: Bittman, Mark. "Snickerdoodles." How to Bake Everything: Simple Recipes for the Best Baking. Illustrated ed., How to Cook Everything vol. 7, Harvest, 2016, pp. 170-171.
RECIPE, ONLINE: Sigworth, Beth. "Mrs. Sigg's Snickerdoodles." All Recipes, 23 June 2023, allrecipes.com/recipe/10687/mrs-siggs-snickerdoodles.
RECIPE, UNPUBLISHED: Fleming, Betty June. "Snickerdoodles." Family recipe of author. 1935?
REFERENCE, DICTIONARY ENTRY, IN PRINT: "Physical, Adj. ( 2 )." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed., Merrium-Webster, 2019, p. 935.
REFERENCE, DICTIONARY ENTRY, ONLINE: "Digital, Adj. ( 1 )." Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2024, merriam-webster.com/dictionary/digital.
REFERENCE, ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRY: "Internet." Wikipedia, accessed 2 March 2024, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet.
REFERENCE, MAP, IN ATLAS: "Colorado." Rand McNally Road Atlas & National Park Guide 2024. Rand McNally, 2024, p. 20.
REFERENCE MAP, ONLINE: Map of Colorado. Google Maps, 2024, maps.google.com.
REFERENCE, MAP, SINGLE: Colorado State Map. Rand McNally, 2021.
REFERENCE, RAW DATA SET: "Elon Musk Donor Record." Open Secrets, accessed 18 March 2024, docs.google.com/spreadsheets/
d/1nwtqu93Cuobth6a6e6eLHPbSPfkB_2qN5huaHW6uTBo
REFERENCE, WALL POSTER: "Periodic Table of Elements." Place Learning, viewed 20 January 2024, Frederick High School, Frederick, Colorado.
SCHOOL, ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS ON LMS: "Unit 3 Narrative: Double Vision Instructions." Sophomore English, taught by Brandon Coon. Schoology, Frederick High School, spring 2024, schoology.svvsd.org/course/7086611895/materials/discussion/
view/7159009090.
SCHOOL, ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION, UNPUBLISHED: Watson, Hannah. "Melody." For Creative Writing, taught by Brandon Coon. Frederick High School, fall 2022.
SCHOOL, CLASS RESOURCE DOCUMENT, ONLINE: "Dialectical Journal Template." Sophomore English, taught by Brandon Coon. Schoology, Frederick High School, spring 2024, schoology.svvsd.org/course/7086611895/materials/gp/7098090294.
SCHOOL, CLASS RESOURCE DOCUMENT, PHYSICAL: "Dialectical Journal Template." Sophomore English, taught by Brandon Coon. Schoology, Frederick High School, spring 2024. Handout.
SCHOOL. CLASS SYLLABUS: Syllabus for AP Literature and Composition. Taught by Brandon Coon, 2018-2019 academic year, Frederick High School, Frederick, Colorado.
SCHOOL, LECTURE, LIVE: Coon, Brandon. Lecture on Verb Conjugation. Freshman English, 13 March 2024, Frederick High School.
SCHOOL, LECTURE, ONLINE: Coon, Brandon. Lecture on Verb Conjugation. WebEx. Freshman English, 13 March 2024, Frederick High School.
SCHOOL, LECTURE, RECORDING: Coon, Brandon. Lecture on Verb Conjugation. Freshman English, 13 March 2024, Frederick High School. Schoology, uploaded 14 March 2024, schoology.svvsd.org/assignment/7100241506/info.
SCHOOL, LECTURE OR READING NOTES: Santoya, Carlos. Notes on Lecture on Verb Conjugation. Freshman English, taught by Bandon Coon, 13 March 2024, Frederick High School.
SCHOOL, MEETING OUTSIDE CLASS, IN PERSON: Meeting of the Student Advisory Board. Frederick High School, 13 March 2024, Frederick, Colorado.
SCHOOL, MEETING OUTSIDE CLASS, ONLINE: Meeting of the Student Advisory Board. Frederick High School, 13 March 2024, Frederick, Colorado, online.
SCHOOL, ONLINE SLIDE DECK: Coon, Brandon. "Intimacy Work for High School Actors." Google Slides, accessed 14 February 2024, docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GIez2EnV4j2q3J8RW66hIwzOKfbtf39BvcdBOA8cwbc. Slide 18.
SCRIPTURE, ENTIRE BOOK: The Torah. Edited by the Jewish Publication Society of America. 14th ed., Henry Holt, 2004.
SCRIPTURE, ONLINE: Devarim [Deuteronomy] 9:1--29. The Torah. Chabad.org, Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center, accessed 7 February 2024, chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9973.
SCRIPTURE, PASSAGES: Deuteronomy 9: The Perils of Overconfidence. The Torah. Edited by the Jewish Publication Society of America, 14th ed., Henry Holt, 2004, pp. 341-43.
SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS: Not a source--do not cite
SHORT STORY IN ANTHOLOGY: Irving, Washington. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." 1820. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, edited by Robert Levine et al., 9th ed., vol. B: 1820-1865, W.W. Norton, 2017, pp. 41-60.
SHORT STORY, ONLINE: Irving, Washington. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." 1820. Project Gutenberg, 27 June 2022, gutenberg.org/files/41/41-h/41-h.
SNAP (SNAPCHAT): see ONLINE MEDIA
SOCIAL MEDIA: see ONLINE MEDIA
SONG: see MUSIC
SPEECH, LIVE: Biden, Joseph R. "State of the Union Address 2024." 7 March 2024, US Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.
SPEECH, TRANSCRIPT: Biden, Joseph R. "State of the Union Address 2024." Delivered on 7 March 2024, US Capitol Building, Washington, D.C., Office of the White House, accessed 20 March 2024, whitehouse.gov/state-of-the-union-2024. Transcript.
SPEECH, WATCHED LIVE ON TV: Biden, Joseph R. "State of the Union Address 2024." MSNBC, 7 March 2024. Live.
SPEECH, WATCHED LIVE, ONLINE LIVESTREAM: Biden, Joseph R. "State of the Union Address 2024." Livestreamed by Brian Tyler Cohen, YouTube, 7 March 2024, youtube.com/live/yE_Jewmi5u4.
SPEECH, WATCHED RECORDING: Biden, Joseph R. "State of the Union Address 2024." YouTube, uploaded by NBC News, 7 March 2024, youtu.be/al7ont2noYA.
TELEGRAM POST: see ONLINE MEDIA
TELEVISION CLIP POSTED ONLINE: "Bart Plays with Grandpa Simpson's Dentures." From "Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie," The Simpsons, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992. YouTube, uploaded by Simpsons Clips, 5 September 2018, youtu.be/mGxR3DxEdas.
TELEVISION COMMERCIAL: see ADVERTISEMENT
TELEVISION EPISODE: "Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie." The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992.
TELEVISION EPISODE, BROADCAST ON TV: "Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie." The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992. FXX, 12 July 2023.
TELEVISION EPISODE, HOME MEDIA: "Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie." The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992, disc 2. DVD.
TELEVISION EPISODE, LIVE BROADCAST: "Dead Line." Inside No. 9, created by Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith, series 4, BBC, 28 October 2018. Live, BBC Two.
TELEVISION EPISODE, STREAMED: "Itchy and Scratchy: The Movie." The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening, season 4, episode 6, Twentieth Century Fox, 1992. Disney+ app.
TELEVISION, GAME SHOW: The Price is Right. Hosted by Drew Carey, season 52, CBS, 20 March 2024.
TELEVISION, NEWS OR TALK SHOW: NBC Nightly News. Hosted by Lester Holt, NBC Universal, 6 June 2016.
TELEVISION, NEWS OR TALK SHOW SEGMENT: "Saying Goodbye to the Greatest." NBC Nightly News, hosted by Lester Holt, NBC Universal, 6 June 2016.
THREADS POST: see ONLINE MEDIA
TIKTOK VIDEO: see ONLINE MEDIA
TEXT MESSAGE: see EMAIL
TWEET: see ONLINE MEDIA
UNPUBLISHED WRITING: Coon, Brandon. "Teacher of the Year." 2023. Manuscript.
VIDEO: see ONLINE MEDIA, VIDEO
VIDEO GAME, CONSOLE: Doki Doki Literature Club Plus! Developed by Dan Salvato, Team Salvato, 2021. Nintendo Switch game.
VIDEO GAME, MOD: Doki Doki Literature Club! Monika After Story mod, developed by Backdash, version 0.12.15,20 September 2023, monikaafterstory.com. Original game developed by Dan Salvato, Team Salvato, 2017, store.steampowered.com/app/717250.
VIDEO GAME, ONLINE: Doki Doki Literature Club! Developed by Dan Salvato, version 1.1.1, Team Salvato, 2018, store.steampowered.com/app/698780. Steam app.
VIDEO GAME, ONLINE DLC (DOWNLOADABLE CONTENT): Doki Doki Literature Club! Fan Pack DLC, Team Salvato, 2017, store.steampowered.com/app/717250.
VIDEO GAME, PROGRAMMING, AUDIO AND MUSIC: "heartbeat.ogg." Doki Doki Literature Club!, music composed by Dan Salvato, version 1.1.1, Team Salvato, 2018, DDLC/game/bgm.
VIDEO GAME, PROGRAMMING, IMAGE: "menu_art_y_ghost.png" Doki Doki Literature Club!, version 1.1.1, Team Salvato, 2018, DDLC/ddlc-renpy-project/game/gui.
VIDEO GAME, PROGRAMING, README FILE: "CAN YOU HEAR ME.txt" Doki Doki Literature Club!, version 1.1.1, Team Salvato, 2018, DDLC/game.
VIDEO GAME, PROGRAMMING, SCRIPT CODE: "script-ch5.rpy" Doki Doki Literature Club!, version 1.1.1, Team Salvato, 2018, DDLC/game.
VIDEO GAME, VR: Just Monica: DDLC VR. Fan Tribute to Doki Doki Literature Club!, developed by TTLC, Game Jolt app, accessed 18 January 2018, gamejolt.com/games/DDLCVR/311342
WEBEX MEETING: see SCHOOL, MEETING
WEBPAGE: Coon, Brandon. "MLA Citation: Ninth Edition." CoonWriting, 20 March 2024, coonwriting.com/mla.
WEBPAGE, NO AUTHOR: "MLA Style: A Quick Guide." MLA Style Center, Modern Language Association, 2024, style.mla.org/works-cited/works-cited-a-quick-guide.
WEBPAGE, NO DATE: "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue Online Writing Lab, Purdue U, accessed 20 March 2024, owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_formatting_and_style_guide.
WEBPAGE, PUBLISHER SAME AS CONTAINER: "MLA 8th edition Referencing Guide." Citationsy, 19 March 2024, citationsy.com/styles/modern-language-association
WEBPAGE, SOURCE CODE: "mla.html." CoonWriting, 20 March 2024, coonwriting.com/mla. CCS.
WEB TEXT THAT IS AI GENERATED: "Please describe what zebra symbolizes in The Art of Racing in the Rain by Garth Stein." Google Gemini, basic version, 18 March 2024, gemini.google.com.
YOUTUBE: see ONLINE MEDIA, VIDEO
ZOOM MEETING: see SCHOOL, ONLINE MEETING
Page last updated 29 March 2024.
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FOOTNOTES:
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"Chapter 5: The List of Works Cited." MLA Handbook. 9th ed., The Modern Language Association of America, 2021, pp. 105--226.
Appendix 2: Works-Cited-List-Entries by Format. MLA Handbook. 9th ed., The Modern Language Association of America, 2021, pp. 303-46. |